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Definition
| is the totality of an organism's chemical reactions |
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| Process that begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product |
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Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compunds
Catastrophe |
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| Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
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| the study of how organisms manage their energy resources |
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| the study of energy transformations |
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| isolated from it's surrondings |
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Definition
| Energy and matter an be transferred between the system and it's surrondings |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
the energy of the universe is constant
la energia no se crea ni se destruye solo se transforma
principle of conservation of energy
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
during every transfer or transformation energy is lost as heat.
every energy transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe |
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| Three main kinds of work (CELL) |
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Definition
Chemical (protein synthesis)
Transport
Mechanical (cilia)
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Term
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Definition
ribose (sugar)
adenine (a nitrogenous base)
and 3 phosphate groups |
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Definition
| is the partial degradation of sugars tat occurs without oxygen |
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| Consumes organic molecules and oxygend and yields ATP |
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Definition
| is similar to aerobic but consumes compounds other than oxygen |
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Definition
| Set of metabolic processes that include both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is often used to refer to aerobic respiration |
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| Stages of Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. THe citric acid cycle
3. oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
first stage of cellular respiration
breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate in cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| completes the breakdown of glucose mitochondrian pyruvate to CO2 |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| accounts for most of the ATP synthesis |
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Definition
| a chemical agent that speeds up reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| Free energy of activation/ activation energy |
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Definition
is he energy needed to start a chemical reaction
supplied in the form of heat from suroundings |
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Definition
| the reactant that an enzyme acts on |
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Definition
| the union of an enzyme to it's substrate |
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| the area on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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Definition
| nonprotein enzyme helpers |
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Definition
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Definition
| bind to the active site of an enzyme competing with the substract |
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| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| bind to another part of an enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective |
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Definition
is the proces tat converts solar energy into chemical energy
occurs in: algae, plants, certain protists, some prokaryotes |
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Definition
| microscopic pores on leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out |
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| the interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are found |
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Definition
| Connected sacs of chlorophyll in the chloroplast |
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Definition
| columns formed by thylakoids |
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| the two stages of photosynthesis |
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Definition
light reactions
the calvin cylce |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in the thylakoid
splits h2o
releases o2
reduce NAPD to NAPH
generates ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in the stroma
forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
doesnt require energy |
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Term
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Definition
non reproductive
have two sets of chromosomes
diploid |
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Term
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Definition
reproductive cells
half as may chromosomes as the somatic cells
haploid |
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Definition
| area of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are more closely attached |
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Definition
| the division of the nucleus |
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Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm |
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Definition
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Definition
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Definition
| is an apparatus that controls chromosome movement during mitosis |
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| cell division process by which prokaryotes reproduce |
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| is the scientific study of heredity variation |
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| units of heredity, made up of segments of DNA |
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Definition
| Specific location for each gene |
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Definition
| one parent produces identical offspring by mitosis |
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Definition
| is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent |
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Definition
| two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combination of genes inherited from two parents |
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Definition
| is te generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism |
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Definition
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| Complex of DNA and protein found in the nucelus |
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Definition
| "inborn errors" of melanin metabolism |
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Definition
| process by which DNA directs protein synthesis |
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| two stages of gene expression |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Definition
| is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
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Definition
| is the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
ribonucleic acid
Function: protin synthesis
kinds: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
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Definition
initiation
elongation
termination |
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Term
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Definition
a polymer of modified sugars
component of the cell wall of bacterias |
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