Term
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Definition
| scientific study of relationships between organisms and environment |
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| environment factors(ecosystem) include |
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Definition
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| differences between resources and conditions |
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Definition
resources- can be consumed and competed ex. food, water, and mates
conditions- cannot be consumed but influence organisms ex.temperature, day length, humidity |
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Definition
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Definition
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| who laid the foundation of biogeography |
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Definition
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Definition
an environment which organisms carry out their struggle for survive
a collection of parts that function as a integrated whole |
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Definition
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Definition
| manipulative and difficult to control other factors |
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Definition
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Definition
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| replication is required because |
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Definition
| to reach accuracy in results |
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Definition
| categorical and numerical |
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Definition
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| only two categories exist called |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| relationship between categorical(x) and numerical(y) data which is continuous |
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Definition
| relationship between two independent continuous variables |
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Definition
| a group of species that occupy a given area and interact each other either direct or indirect |
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Definition
| count of the number of species within the community |
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Definition
| the percentage each species contributes to the total number of individuals of all species |
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| the simplest measure if diversity is |
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Definition
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Term
| species accumulation curve |
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Definition
number of samples on x axis
species richness on y axis |
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Term
| species rarefaction curve is |
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Definition
| to improve the precision of richness estimates |
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Term
| a common method for comparing species richness and abundance is |
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Definition
rank abundance curve or
whittaker plot
relative abundance on y axis
rank on x axis |
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Definition
| a single of few species predominate within a community |
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Definition
a way to quantify the relationship between species number and relative abundance
range from 1 to species richness |
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Definition
to determine the equitable distribution of species in a community
range from 0 to 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of spatial or biogeographical distribution of organisms, both past and present |
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Term
| differences between historical and ecological biogeography |
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Definition
historical-origin, dispersal, extinction of groups
ecological-distribution of contemporary organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| large scale regions describing spatial variation in plant growth forms and climate |
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Term
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Definition
| small scale regions describing spatial variation in plant growth forms and climate |
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Definition
| large scale regions describing spatial variation in species composition of animals, plants and microbes |
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Term
| relationship between annual precipitation and temperature |
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Definition
| mean annual precipitation decrease with declining of mean annual temperature |
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Term
| relationship between temperature and regions |
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Definition
| temperature decreases from equator to the poles, while seasonal variation in temperature increase |
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Term
| what classifies terrestrial biomes |
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Definition
| trees, shrubs and grasses |
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Term
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Definition
deciduous-live for a single year or a growing season
evergreen-lives beyond a year |
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Term
| characters of tropical rain forest |
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Definition
dominated by broadleaf evergreen plants
between N10 and S10
relatively medium temperature and high precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| a range of vegetation types in the drier tropics and subtropics by a ground cover of grasses with scattered trees and shrubs |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively medium temperature and distinct seasonality in precipitation and large inter-annual variation in total precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
grasses and shrubs
fire-adapted and short lived
precipitation control yearly cycle of plants activity and productivity |
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Term
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Definition
regions where rainfall is between 25 and 80
occur in mid-latitudes in mid-continental regions where precipitation is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
acid regions which occupy 25 to 35 percent of earth's landmass
lack rainfall
located far inland or mountain barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant community in which the shrub growth is dominant or co-dominant |
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Term
| temperate deciduous forests are |
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Definition
forests dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees
low temperature |
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Term
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Definition
found in a broad region across the northern hemisphere on mountain regions
lower temperatures limit growing season to a few months each year |
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Definition
| the perennially frozen subsurface that develops where the ground temperature remain below 0 |
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Term
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Definition
| a frozen plain thats is located at the highest latitudes of the northern hemisphere |
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Term
| two types of tundra sub-biomes are |
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Definition
polar grasslands-up to 100 percent plant cover and wet to moist soils
polar desert- less than 5 percent plant cover and dry soil |
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Term
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Definition
| the geographic limit beyond which forest doesn't grow |
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Term
the geographical distribution of animals
the world's zoogeographic regions was covered by |
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Definition
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Term
| zoo and photo geographic regions |
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Definition
zoogeographic regions- spatial patterns of animal species composition
phytogeographic regions- spatial patterns of plant species composition |
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Term
| spatial patterns of diversity |
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Definition
| decline as you move from equator to two sides of the earth |
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Term
| why does species richness decline from the equator? |
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Definition
tropical are older
less affected by glaciations
climate more stable
more resources
more habitat
more lineages have evolved in and adapted to tropical conditions |
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Term
| actual evapotranspiration is |
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Definition
flux of water from terrestrial surface to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration
most correlates with species richness
by david currie and v. paquin |
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Term
| animal diversity is linked to plant diversity as |
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Definition
| plants provide food and habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| support greater species diversity but less species richness as elevation goes higher |
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Term
| two explanations for spatial patterns of diversity |
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Definition
contemporary hypotheses
-productivity/energy
-habitat heterogeneity by david
historical and evolutionary
-niche conservatism
-climate stability by wiens jj |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual and directional change in community structure through time |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of communities from grass to shrub to forest |
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Term
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Definition
| the each change of the stage |
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Term
| early successional species are |
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Definition
| also called pioneer species and are usually characterized by high growth rate, smaller size, high dispersal and high rate per capital growth i.e r-strategist |
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Term
| late successional species are |
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Definition
| lower growth, dispersal and colonization rate, larger and longer lived i.e K-strategist |
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Term
| a successional experiment is called |
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Definition
| hubbard brook experimental forest |
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Term
| primary succession occurs |
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Definition
| on a site previously unoccupied by a community i.e sand, rocks |
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Term
| secondary succession occurs |
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Definition
| on perviously occupied sites after disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| the most successful pioneering plants |
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Term
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Definition
| used to monitor temporal change using a spatial gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| monitor temporal change in forest stands using similar adjacent sites |
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Term
| who developed the concept of ecological succession |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the community is a highly integrated superorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the distribution and abundance of an ancient organisms and their relationship to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
-selection
-speciation
-drift
-dispersal by m. vellend |
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Term
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Definition
a population consisting of many local populations
separate populations interconnected by the movement of individuals |
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Term
| 4 necessary conditions for metapopulation |
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Definition
-suitable habitat
-largest populations may have rick of extinction
-habitat patches must not be too isolated to prevent recolonization after local extinction
-local populations are not synchronized by lc hanski |
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Term
| two sets of spatial scales |
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Definition
-local or within-patch scale, individuals interact with each other
-metapopulation or regional scale, governed by local population interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of individuals into a patch |
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Term
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Definition
| a balance between local extinction and colonization |
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Term
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Definition
| the increase in population size that occurs with an increasing rate of immigration in order to decrease extinction rate |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain a positive growth may permit sink population to exist |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot support positive growth |
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Term
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Definition
| interior increase clearly but edge does not |
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Term
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Definition
need conditions of interior habitats and stay away from abrupt changes may in or decrease with patch size
patch increase, interior increase, edge decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| can use both edge and interior, occurrence is not affected by patch size |
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Term
| relaxation effect(extinction debt) is |
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Definition
| refer to a delayed loss of species over time |
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Term
| the equilibrium theory of island biogeography has been applied by |
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Definition
E,O wilson and R. macarthur
study of terrestrial landscapes
number of species colonize in are equilibrium to species that are extincted |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate that one species is lost and a replacement species is gained at equilibrium |
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Term
| S (equilibrium species richness) is achieved when |
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Definition
immigration rate= extinction rate
affected by distance from the mainland
the size of the island |
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Term
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Definition
connect similar patches of habitat
they are habitats as well |
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Term
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Definition
| predict the incidence of a species on a given habitat patch |
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Term
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Definition
| predict the expected number of species |
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Term
| the first experimental test of the theory is island biogeography was preformed by |
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Definition
| EO wilson's student daniel simberloff |
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Term
| niche as n-dimensional hyper volume was described by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the full range of conditions and resources under which it can survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the fundamental niche that the species actually exploits |
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Term
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Definition
| the tolerance range of environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| generalists or specialists or maybe both |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction of niche breadth in response to a competing species |
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Term
| if a competitor is removed the affected species will experience |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| differences in the range of resources used or environmental tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| similar species coexist by partitioning available resources by robert macauther |
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Term
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Definition
| ecological similar species coexist only if they have evolved sufficient differences in appearance to allow niche seperation by G.E hutchinson |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a shift i feeding niche that subsequently affects a species morphology, behaviour or physiology |
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Term
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Definition
| negative for one and 0 for the other |
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Term
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Definition
| abiotic and biotic factors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| competition occurs when species indirectly interact with one another but affect the availability of shared resources |
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Term
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Definition
| species directly interact and prevent others from occupying a habitat or accessing resources within it |
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Term
| six types of interspecific competitive interactions are |
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Definition
| consumption, pre-emption, overgrowth, chemical interaction, territorial, encounter |
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Term
| asymmetric competition is |
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Definition
| one individual is much more negatively affected than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals of many species compete and the impacts on an individual reflects effects of its interactions with individuals of many species |
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Term
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Definition
competition by a constellation of species by McArthur
competitions by two species enable coexistance of a third species by JP |
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Term
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Definition
| two species that live in the same place and have the same ecological requirements |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principle states |
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Definition
| that complete competitors cannot coexist |
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Term
| factors affect interspecific competition |
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Definition
temperature ph
limiting resources
resources partitioning |
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Term
| competitive exclusion is rare because |
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Definition
conditions do not remain constant
competitive hierarchy among species is not absolute, they might be tradeoffs or shift in response to change in abiotic conditions |
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Term
| territorial competitions commonly in |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical territorially called |
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Definition
| allelopathy is commonly in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a descriptive diagram that represents the flow of energy from prey to predator |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on no other species but are fed upon others |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on other species and they themselves are prey of other species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| the proportion of all possible links |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect species interaction |
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Term
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Definition
top-down: higher tropical levels regulate abundance and productivity of primary producers
bottom-up: primary producers regulate the populations of higher tropical levels |
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Term
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Definition
| the propagation of indirect effects between non adjacent trophic levels in a food chain or food web |
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Term
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Definition
a disproportionate impact on the community relative to its abundance
removal of keystone species changes the structure of community results in loss |
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Term
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Definition
keystone species which can modify their habitats
-beavers can alter heterogeneity and local hydrology in order to build dam
-ants can alter physical and chemical structure of the soil by digging holes and bringing food to nests |
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Term
| mutualism can be characterized by |
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Definition
-benefits received
-degree if dependency
-degree of specificity
-duration of intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
-provision of energy
-protection from predators, parasites or herbivores
-reduced competiiton
-dispersal of gambits or offspring |
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Term
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Definition
-obligate: cannot survive or reproduce without the mutualistic interaction
-facultative: can survive without the interaction |
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Term
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Definition
-specialists: species specific interactions
-generalists: association with a wide diversity of mutualistic partners |
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Term
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Definition
| the intimate and protracted association between two or more organisms of different species |
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Term
| non-symbiotic mutualism, two organisms are |
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Definition
facultative
-pollination
-ants dispersal seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| species which visit plants to exploit a source of food and pick up pollen carry it to the next plant |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that produce seeds with an ant-attracting food on the seed coat(elaiosome) |
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Term
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Definition
| fruit eating animals that eat only the tissue around the seed |
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Term
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Definition
| consumption of one living organism by another |
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Term
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Definition
| carnivore, omnivore and herbivore |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| seed predators ann planktivires are |
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Definition
true predators
rodents and whale sharks |
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Term
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Definition
| prey organism while its still alive |
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Term
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Definition
| lay eggs on host and feed on host, slowly killing the host |
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Term
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Definition
cryptic colouration
object resemblance which among insects
flashing colouration which alarm and distraction
apoematism-warming colouration |
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Term
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Definition
when an prey species mimics the predator species
butterfly snake |
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Term
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Definition
| similar colour pattern shared by many unpalatable or venomous species |
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Term
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Definition
constitutive defence: are fixed features of organisms warming colouration, defence shell
induced defence: are bought by the presence or action of predators alarm pheromones kamikaze ants |
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Term
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Definition
grazers which eat grasses on the ground
browsers which eat leaves, stems and bark from plants |
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Term
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Definition
structure defence
chemical defence |
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Term
| secondary metabolites are |
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Definition
chemicals produced by plants that either reduce digestion or deter herbivore from eating
-nitrogen based
-terpenoids variety of essential oils
-phenolics aromatic compounds including tannins and lignin |
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Term
| quantitative inhibitors are |
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Definition
| secondary compounds produced by plants to reduce digestibility |
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
total amount of energy remains constant
energy cannot be created/destroy, can only be transformed and transferred |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
every transformation, some useful energy is lost
living systems are open and rely on solar energy inputs to counteract entropy |
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Term
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Definition
| autotrophs fix chemical energy into organic matter through photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rate of energy assimilated per unit area per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
standing crop biomass
difference in time+death+consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| time that energy persists in a trophic level |
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Term
| biomass accumulation ratio is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water temperature light actual evapotranspiration have positive affect |
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Term
| land ecosystems often limited by |
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Definition
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Term
| in aquatic ecosystems often limited by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sea water phytoplankton is limited by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
increases as moisture decreases
decreases transpiration and increase water absorption |
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Term
| factors of NPP distribution |
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Definition
| tropics distance from ocean altitude different climate |
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Term
| costal water are the most productive |
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Definition
| more light waves tides currents and land proximity |
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Term
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Definition
carbon produced from within ecosystem
photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon produced from outside ecosystem |
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Term
| assimilation efficiency AE |
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Definition
carnivores>herbivores
endotherms>ectotherms |
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Term
| net production efficiency |
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Definition
invertebrates>vertebrates
ectotherms>endotherms
large>small
carnivores>herbivores
non-social>social |
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Term
| gross production efficiency is |
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Definition
| overall efficiency of converting ingested energy into secondary production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
AE=A/I NPE=P/A
GPE=AE*NPE=A/I*P/A=P/I
CE=I/Pn-1
TE=CE*GPE=Pn/Pn-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| overall measure for quantifying energy transfer between levels |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% of energy consumed as biomass at five level is converted to biomass at next level |
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Term
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Definition
decreasing energy transfer through tropic levels corresponds with decrease in standing biomass
inverted pyramid in plankton dominated marine systems because of high turnover rates |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of organic nutrients into mineral form, making them available to plants again |
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Term
| retranslocation or reabsorption is |
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Definition
in autumn, chlorophyll production begins to decline
plant roots can reabsorb minerals form leaves than lost
yellow and organic pigments begin to show and anthocyanins are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of chemical bonds of organic molecules, is the key process in recycling of nutrients within the ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that feed on dead organic matter or detritus |
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Term
| size and function of decomposers |
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Definition
microfauna: bacteria and fungi
invertebrate detritivores: microfauna mesofauna macrofauna megafauna |
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Term
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Definition
the dominant decomposers of dead animal matter
aerobic and anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
| the major decomposers of plant matter |
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Term
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Definition
| used to examine the decomposition of plant litter |
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Term
| original mass remaining e^-kt |
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Definition
| k=decomposition coefficient t=time unit used |
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Term
| factors effect decomposition |
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Definition
intrinsic(biotic): litter quality
extrinsic(abiotic): soil texture, soil ph climate |
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Term
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Definition
proteins and solubles decomposed the most quickly within first few days
cellulose and hemicellulose decomposed more slowly in three weeks
total carbon decomposed fast but speed down in three weeks and decline very slow
lignin majority remained intact |
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Term
| index litter quality shows that |
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Definition
| inverse relationship between decomposition rate and its lignin content |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of nutrients contained in organic compounds into inorganic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| the uptake and assimilation of minerals by microbial decomposers |
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Term
| net mineralization rate is |
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Definition
| the difference between miner rate and immob rate |
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Term
| changes in nitrogen content |
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Definition
decline as leaching
increase as immob>miner
decline as miner>immob
as nitrogen decrease net miner rate increase |
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Term
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Definition
measure of litter quality
microbes have lower C:N ration than plants |
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Term
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Definition
| as decompositions processes, the litter degrades into a dark brown homogeneous organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| as humus becomes embedded in the soil matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the soil where plant roots function, an active zone of root growth and death with intense microbial and fungal activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the cycle flow of nutrients form the non living to the living and back to the non living components of the ecosystem |
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Term
| two cycle for maintaining life on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| two type of biogeochemical cycles are |
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Definition
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Term
| main pool of nutrients in gaseous cycle are |
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Definition
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Term
| main nutrients in sedimentary are |
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Definition
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Term
| biogeochemical could not exist without |
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Definition
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Term
| hybrid of gaseous and sedimentary occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| input internal cycling output |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients by precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients by airborne particles and aerosols |
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Term
| net ecosystem productivity NEP |
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Definition
| is carbon uptake by photosynthesis minus carbon loss(autotroph+heterotroph respiration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involved in the global carbon cycle amounts to 55000 gigatonnes |
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Term
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Definition
decrease in sea ice has been correlated to increase in co2 emission
as temperature rises and ice melts, less radiations from the sun is reflected causing further heating and melting |
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Term
| net primary productivity is affected by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges from the surrounding environment into the ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges from inside the ecosystem to the surrounding environment |
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Term
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Definition
| one with minimal exchange with the surrounding environment |
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Term
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Definition
| one that undergoes significant exchange from the surrounding environment |
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Term
| system ecology is introduced by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a set of interrelated parts that work together to perform a function or functions within an environment |
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Term
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Definition
| to the output of one system process affecting the process of another |
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Term
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Definition
| the continued amplification of a process |
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Term
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Definition
| damping or reversal of a process |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate ecosystem states as a regulatory process |
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Term
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Definition
the tendency for the system to remain the same when subject to a disturbance
resist changes |
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Term
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Definition
the tendency to re establish a former state after a change is occurred
return to its original state |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of genotypes in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of species in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of ecosystem functions played by species in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of evolutionary history represented by species in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| ecosystem function increases with diversity reaches a plateau as niches are filled |
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Term
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Definition
| each species has a unique role the decline once non native species are introduced |
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Term
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Definition
| ecosystem function drops off sharply when diversity falls as a result of the loss of keystone species |
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Term
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Definition
| non transitory states that arise when ecosystems are disturbed past a critical threshold and follow a path that does not restore them |
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Term
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Definition
| stress thresholds that once suppressed send a system on a different path |
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Term
| biodiversity ecosystem functioning hypothesis states that |
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Definition
| ecosystems with more species are likely to not only increase stability but also maximize ecosystem function such as productivity |
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Term
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Definition
| ecosystems will optimize resource use the more species are present with differing and complementary of niches |
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Term
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Definition
| a small self contained system |
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Term
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Definition
| a larger self contained system |
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Term
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Definition
| include large scales such as lakes and forests |
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Term
| risk factors link with extinction |
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Definition
species with limited distribution
small populations
species with migrate seasonally
endemics have narrow ecological niches
require large home range
have direct interaction with human |
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Term
| international union for conservation of nature IUCN developed a classification for threatened species |
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Definition
critically endangered species
endangered species
vulnerable species |
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Term
| critically endangered species are |
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Definition
| 50 percent or greater probability of extinction within 10 years or 3 generations |
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Term
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Definition
| 20 percent of extinction within 20 years or five generations |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 percent or more of extinction within 100 years |
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Term
| at least one to assign in IUCN |
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Definition
observation decline in numbers of individuals
geographic area occupied by a species and the number of populations
the geographic area of individuals alive and the number of breeding individuals
expected decline in numbers of individuals habitat destruction continue
probability of species going extinct in certain years or generations |
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Term
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Definition
| cosmic committee on the status o endangered wildlife in canada |
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Term
| traits increase likelihood of going extinct |
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Definition
large size
mature late
low reproductive output
large home range |
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Term
| biodiversity hotspots are |
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Definition
| regions with unusual high species richness, endemism and level of threats |
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Term
| the primary cause of species extinction is |
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Definition
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Term
| the most effective way to preserve diversity is |
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Definition
| protect habitats and whole community |
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Term
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Definition
| a greater edge to area ration that poses constrains for interior species |
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Term
| species are locally rare need |
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Definition
| large area to be present in large enough numbers to sustain viable populations |
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