Term
| 8 defining characteristics of organisms |
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Definition
cells are the simplest unit of life
living organisms use energy
living organisms react w their enviroment
living organisms maintain homeostasis
living organisms grow and develop
DNA provides a blueprint for reproduction
populations of orgs. evolve from one generation to the next
all species (past/prez) related by evolutionary history |
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Term
| biological hierarchy of size |
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Definition
atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere |
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Definition
| all of the places on earth where life exists |
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Definition
| community of organisms in their physical environments |
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Definition
| all of the species existing in a given area |
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Definition
| all of the organisms of same species in a given rea |
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Definition
| exhibits the characteristics of life |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of two or more types of tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of specialized cells of a certain type |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of living things |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane enclosed part of a cell that has a certain function |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of atoms bonded together |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of an element that contains all the chem. properties of the element |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with no nucleus (bacteria)only unicellular |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with nucleus (animals, plants, fungi) can be uni or multi cellular |
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Term
| when did primitive cells come into existence on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| vertical descent with modification |
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Definition
1) populations acquiring new mutations that can affect
individuals (example: change in shape of legs)
2) beneficial mutations are naturally selected in a population (example:
individuals with better legs for running in plains are selected)
3) There is a progressive change from one species to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| science of describing, naming, identifying and classifying organisms |
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Term
| taxonomy classifications from lowest to highest |
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Definition
species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
domain |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, archaebacteria, eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly unicellular prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
Unicellular prokaryotes that often live
in extreme environments, such as hot springs |
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Term
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Definition
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions (plants/animals/fungi/protists) |
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Term
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Definition
binomial nonclemanture -
Each species has a unique scientific name
Genus name capitalized
Species descriptor is not capitalized
Both names are italicized |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid, hereditary material in almost all organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring (made of DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| large molecules composed of amino acids, each gene has specific instructions to make certain protein |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed explanation for natural phenomena |
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Term
| steps to scientific method |
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Definition
observation
hypothesis
experimentation
conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| broad explanation supported by large amount of evidence |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| phospholipids are made of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecules with a carbon backbone |
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Term
| when did the first organic molecules appear |
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Definition
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Term
| three hypotheses on how organic molecules originated |
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Definition
reducing atmosphere hypotheses
extraterrestrial hypotheses
deep sea vent hypotheses |
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Term
| reducing atmosphere hypotheses |
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Definition
| conditions on primitive earth may have been more conducive to chemical reactions favoring production of organic molecules |
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Term
| extraterrestrial hypotheses |
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Definition
| condensing matter in outer space, meteorites may have formed organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure, elements, and heat at ocean floor may have been conducive to formation of organic molecules |
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Term
| stanley miller was a scientist who.. |
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Definition
| did the lightning in chamber experiment and formed some organic molecules |
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Term
| three different forms of rock |
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Definition
igneous - created from lava
sedimentary - layers over layer from pressure
metamorphic - reforming of rock at high pressure and heat |
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Term
| fossils only form in what type of rock |
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Definition
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Term
| when did the Cambrian period start |
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Definition
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Term
| periods in order after Precambrian time |
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Definition
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Quaternary |
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Term
| when did prokaryotes emerge |
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Definition
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Term
| discovery of first fossils were aged to what date |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryote that grew in stromatolites (rocks formed by layering of sediment cemented by bacterial secretions) |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that are photosynthetic and produce oxygen as a waste product, gave rise to high levels of oxygen and heterotrophs and aerobic species |
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Term
| when did eukaryotic cells emerge |
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Definition
| 1.8-2.0 BYA, saw emergence of cells with nucleus/mitochondria |
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Term
| first explanation for how Eukaryota cells emerged |
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Definition
Formation of nucleus: ancient archaeabacteria may have had an
infolding of the plasma membrane to surround the genetic information. |
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Term
| second explanation for how Eukaryota cells emerged |
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Definition
Endosymbiosis of bacteria: This
ancient archaebacterial may have
formed a symbiotic relationship with
a bacteria, and exchanged DNA |
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Term
| third explanation for how Eukaryota cells emerged |
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Definition
Formation of mitochondria: may
have been caused by conversion of
endosymbiotic bacteria, or by another
endosymbiosis event |
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Term
| when did multi cellular eukaryotes arise (PLANTS) |
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Definition
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Term
| two explanations for how multi cellular arose |
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Definition
cells divided but stuck together
separate cells recruited together (formed a colony) |
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Term
| the first animals were...and had what to help move |
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Definition
| first animals were invertebrates, had bilateral symmetry which helped facilitate locomotion |
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Term
| name of first eon following precambrian time |
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Definition
| phanerozoic eon which is divided into several periods starting with cambrian |
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Term
| when was cambrian period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 540-490 MYA, athropods (exoskeletons), chordates (endoskeleton), and mollusks emerged, most were aquatic organisms |
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Term
| when was orodvician period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 490-443 MYA, first fishes and primitive land plants along with arthropods |
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Term
| when was silurian period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 443-417 MYA, fish become dominant, large colonization by land plants and animals (spiders and centipedes) |
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Term
| when was devonian period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 417-354 MYA, tetropods (four legged animals) appear, insects emerge, plants more complex |
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Term
| when was carbinferous period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 354-290 MYA, strata had large amount of coal, forested swamps abundant, first reptiles, large plants and flying insects |
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Term
| when was permian period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 290-248 MYA, formation of Pangaea, reptiles become dominant, first mammal like reptiles |
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Term
| when was triassic period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 248-206 MYA, first dinosaurs and true mammals |
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Term
| when was jurassic period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 206-144 MYA, dinaosaurs become dominant land animal, first bird |
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Term
| when was cretacaeous period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 144-65 MYA, Dinosaurs still dominant on land, First flowering plants (angiosperms) |
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Term
| when was tertiary period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 65-1.8 MYA, Mammals expanded rapidly, Angiosperms became dominant plant, Hominids appeared |
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Term
| when was quatenary period and what are its highlights |
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Definition
| 1.8-NOW, hominids become more human like, humans emerge 130k years ago, many species become extint |
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Term
| large mass extinctions occurred at the end of which periods |
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Definition
Ordovician,
Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods |
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Term
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Definition
a group of
organisms whose members have potential to interbreed
with each other to produce viable and fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
Study of biological diversity and
the evolutionary relationships among organisms
(or phylogeny), both extinct and modern |
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Term
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Definition
morphological analysis
molecular systematics (looking @ DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
a diagram that describes the
evolutionary relationships among
various species |
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Term
| two ways that phylogenetic tree shows how species evolve |
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Definition
anagenesis - single species evolve into a different species
cladogenesis - a species evolves into two or more different species |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates when a species diverges into 2 or more species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| larger clades have a more ___ common ancestor |
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Definition
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Term
| smaller clades have a more ___ common ancestor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| comparing shape and form of homologous structures |
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Term
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Definition
comparing the DNA
sequence/genetic data between species |
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Term
| what is cladistics and what is its goal |
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Definition
Study and classification of species based on
evolutionary relationships |
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Term
| three things that distinguish cladistics from systematics |
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Definition
cladistics uses a morphological approach but similar structures are called characters
also look at absence of characters between species
data organized into cladogram instead of phylogenetic tree |
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Term
| shared primitive characters |
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Definition
| features shared between different species because they are derived from a distant ancestor |
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Term
| shared derived characters |
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Definition
features shared between different species because they are derived from a more
recent ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states |
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Term
| who proposed that all animals must have first lived in water and this gave rise to land animals |
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Definition
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Term
| first person to carry out a thorough study of the natural world |
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Definition
| john ray in 1600s, developed an early classification system |
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Term
| carolus linnaeus known for |
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Definition
| extended the organization of animals into a classification system |
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Term
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the idea of |
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Definition
inheritance of acquired characteristics,
1) Individuals change during their lifetime to adapt to the
environment
2) These changes will be passed on to the next generation
(FALSE IDEA) |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution after he traveled the world, Galapagos islands helped reinforce his idea |
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Term
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Definition
a heritable change in one or
more characteristics of a population from one generation to the next |
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Term
| evolution occurs through two ways.. |
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Definition
| natural selection or descent with modification |
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Term
| 5 things that serve as evidence for evolutionary change |
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Definition
| fossil record, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, homologies |
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Term
| transitional forms between fish and tetropods were shown by what |
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Definition
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Term
| biogeography is the study of |
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Definition
| geographical distribution of extinct and modern species |
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Term
| biogeography focuses on how changes in land have.. |
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Definition
| resulted in evolution of distinct plant and animal communities |
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Term
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Definition
Two different species from different lineages show similar
characteristics because they occupy similar environments |
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Term
| selective breeding demonstrates.. |
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Definition
| an artificial version of what natural selection does in nature |
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Term
| three different types of homology |
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Definition
| anatomical, developmental, molecular |
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Term
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Definition
the same structures (homologous
structures) among many animals are reused and altered throughout evolution in different species |
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Term
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Definition
Species that differ as adults
often bear striking similarities during embryonic stages |
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Term
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Definition
Similarities in cells at the molecular
level show that living species evolved from a
common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| Major evolutionary changes that create new species and groups of species |
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Term
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Definition
a change in the frequency of alleles in a population, occurs over small time-frame, takes many microevolution events to result in
macroevolution |
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Term
| ways to distinguish between species.. |
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Definition
morphological traits
molecular features
ecological factors
evolutionary relationshops
ability to interbreed |
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Term
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Definition
| two different species can not successfully interbreed with one another |
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Term
| two reasons why different species can not interbreed with one another |
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Definition
1) Prezygotic barrier (blocks zygote from forming)
2)Postzygotic barrier (blocks embryo development, or causes fertility issues in hybrids) |
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Term
| different prezygotic barriers |
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Definition
habitat isolation
temporal isolation (reproduce in certain seasons only)
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation |
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Term
| different postzygotic barriers |
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Definition
hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
hybrid breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
fertilized egg cannot progress past an early
embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| interspecies hybrid viable but sterile (mule example) |
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Term
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Definition
hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent
generations have genetic
abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| two different types of speciation |
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Definition
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when some members of a species become
geographically separated (think of fish in Caribbean and pacific) |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when members of a species that are
within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers to interbreeding |
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Term
| two ways in which sympatric speciation can occur |
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Definition
Adapting to enviroment - speciation can occur through species in same region occupying different niches
sexual selection - Speciation events can occur in same region by recognizing similar mates |
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Term
| two different speeds at which speciation occurs (ie evolution) |
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Definition
gradualism - Each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time
Punctuated equilibrium - Species in equilibrium for long periods and then short rapid bursts of changes |
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Term
| according to darwins book "on the origin of species" how do populations evolve |
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Definition
| descent with modification and natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of genes and genotypes of a population |
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Term
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Definition
total aggregate of genes in a population
at any time (includes all of the alleles for every gene in a given
population (allele = version of a gene: like less efficient vs more
efficient versions of gene) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| term for when a gene is represented twice in the genome |
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Definition
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Term
| hardy weinberg equilibreum |
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Definition
| Describes the state of the gene pool of a nonevolving population. (i.e. when it is stable) |
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Term
| 5 requirements for hard weinberg eq to be met |
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Definition
1)large population size
2)no migration
3)no net mutation
4)random mating
5)no natural selection |
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Term
| what results when one of the five requirements for EQ is not met |
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Definition
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Term
Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg theorem
is driving force of.. |
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Definition
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Term
| five things that can cause microevolution |
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Definition
1) a) Natural selection
b) Sexual selection (a type of natural selection)
2) Genetic drift
3) Gene flow
4) Mutation
5) Nonrandom mating |
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Term
| 3 ways in which natural selection affects the frequency of heritable traits in a population |
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Definition
directional selection
disruptive/diversifying selection
stabilizing selection |
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Term
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Definition
mode of natural selection in which
the one extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes |
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Term
| disruptive/diversifying selection |
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Definition
| mode of natural selection in which opposing extreme phenotypes are favored over the common one |
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Term
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Definition
mode of natural selection whereby
the common (intermediate) phenotype is the favored one |
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Term
| two types of sexual selection |
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Definition
intrasexual - same sex competing for partner
intersexual - between members of opposite sex, female choice |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when a large population (with a specific allele frequency)
becomes smaller, and as a result of random sampling error, the allele frequency
changes. |
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Term
| two types of genetic drift |
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Definition
| founders effect and bottleneck effect |
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Term
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Definition
Event occurs to reduce
population size, and as a result, this
changes or limits the gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
a few individuals from a
population start a new population with a
different allele frequency than the existing original population |
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Term
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Definition
is any movement of
genes from one population to another |
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Term
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Definition
a change in the DNA sequence. Can be point
mutations or chromosomal abnormalities, can be mechanism of microevolution |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the probability that two
individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all
possible pairs of individual |
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Term
| three different types of nonrandom mating |
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Definition
assortative
disassortative
inbreeding |
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Term
| assortative nonrandom mating |
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Definition
| Individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate which Increases the proportion of homozygotes |
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Term
| disassortative nonrandom mating |
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Definition
| Dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially, Favors heterozygosity |
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Term
| inbreeding nonrandom mating |
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Definition
| choice of mate based genetic lineage, increased chance for homozygous and mutations due to smaller gene pool |
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Term
| deviations from hardy weinberg eq result in.. |
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Definition
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