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Biology Vocab
Midterm 2
15
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2013

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Term
Enzyme
Definition
Biological catalysts. Either partially or completely proteins with highly specific functions.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A compound which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or altered in the reaction by lowering the activation energy
Term
Substrate
Definition
Material with which the catalyst reacts
Term
Active site
Definition
Part of enzyme that will bind with a substrate
Term
Enzyme-substrate complex
Definition
formed when an enzyme and substrate bind at the active site. Place where catalysis occurs
Term
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Definition
pH, temperature: change 3D shape
specific chemicals: bind and alter shape
Term
Activators
Definition
Chemicals that MUST bind with an enzyme in order for the ENZYME to be active
Term
Cofactors
Definition
nonprotein subunits that usually bind to the active site on the enzyme and are essential for the enzyme to work. can include metal ions or organic compounds
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
organic cofactor (subunit necessary for an enzyme to work)
Term
Inhibitors
Definition
chemicals that shut off enzyme activity (2 kinds)
Term
Competitive Inhibition (what it does, how to fix it)
Definition
When a molecule that is structurally similar to the substrate competes for a position at the active site on the enzyme.
Can be reversed if the concentration of the substrate is raised
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibition (what it does- 2 ways, how to fix it)
Definition
An inhibitor binds to a part of the enzyme that is NOT the active site, causing a change in the nature of the enzyme so that the enzyme's catalytic properties are lost.
1)noncompetitive inhibitor physically blocks active site
2) causes a conformational change in the protein which inactivates the active site
Can NOT be reversed by changing concentration
Term
Measuring Enzyme Activity (2 ways)
Definition
1) determine rate of disappearance of the substrate
2) determine the rate of appearance of the product
Term
Fermentation
Definition
an ANAEROBIC process for transferring the energy in glucose bonds to bonds in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Can produce a maximum of 2 ATP molecules
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
an AEROBIC process for transferring the energy in glucose bonds to bonds in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Can produce a maximum of 38 ATP molecules
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