Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIOLOGY Unit 2
Key terms
36
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/30/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Miller Urey Experiment
Definition
  • Primordial soup
  • Organic Compounds from inorganic precursors
  • Water, Hydrogen, Ammonia, methane
Term
Deep Sea Vent theory
Definition
  • Hydrothermal vent, methane and amonia produced by vents react with carbon dioxide and or mineral sulfides
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
  • First developed by Robert Hooke, 1665, whi described cells of a cork
  • Matthias schleiden, 1839, theorized that cells are the basic unit for plants
  • Theodore Schwann, 1839, cells are the basic unit of life
  • smallest living organism is a cell
  • The functional unit of other organisms
  • Cells are small, invisible to the unaided eye
  • cells are small due to the surface area to culume ratio
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
  • Bacteria: Eubacteria(true bacteria) and Archeabacteria(extremeophiles)
  • All have: cytosol, single chromosome, a cell membrane and a cell wall.
  • Do NOT have: organelles, nucleus
  • DNA is note enclosed in a nucleus but rather a nubleoid
  • Encased by a cell wall
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
  • Arose about 2 bya
  • Prokaryotic became Eukaryotic
  • Specialized organelles which have their own DNA
Term
Nucleus
Definition
  • Houses DNA inside nuclear envelope
  • Chromosome made up of DNA
  • Nucleolus produces ribosomes
  • Nuclear envelope is a double membrane, which resembles a prokaryotic cell
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
  • Rough ER: Ribosomes end up here and the signt of protein synthesis
  • Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and detoxification
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
  • Modify, sort, and export proteins
  • Transport vesicles in and fro Er
  • secretory vesicles out to other organelles or the plasma membrane
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Digest macromolecules, pathogens, and organelles
  • Autolysis: how a cell destroys itself
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
  • Cellular respiration occurs here
  • releases energy (ATP) for cellular functions
  • uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP
  • Has its own DNA, circular like bacteria
  • Oxygen goes into the mitochondria during cellular respiration, carbon dioxide comes out
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
  • reactions of photosynthesis occur here
  • from cyanobacteria
  • contain light capturing pigments
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
  • provides the structure and itnerior scaffolding
  • Microfilaments: changes in cell shape
  • Intermediate filaments: maintain cell chape
  • Microtubules: organelle and cell movement; mitosis
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
  • Causes water to leave the cell, less water and mroe colute in solution
  • More solute
  • In terms of osmosis, refers to which way water moves or where it is mroe concentrated
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
  • causes water to ente the cell, more water and less solute
Term
Isotonic solution
Definition
  • equal concentration on the inside and out
Term
Type of Membrane proteins
Definition
  • Transport: regulate the movement of most water soluble molecules through the plasma membrane (channel and carrier proteins)
  • Receptor: molecular triggers that set off cellular respiration when specific molecules in the extracellular fluid bind to them (hormones)
  • Recognition: identification tags on the cell surface recognize foreign or invading cells and destroy (glycoproteins)
Term
Types of Transport: passive
Definition
  • Facilitated diffusion (ion channel): channel proteins allow the flow of charged ions cross the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient
  • faciliated diffusion: channel proteins grab a specific moleucle on one side and carry it to the other side 
Term
Types of Transport: active
Definition
  • Carrier proteins that require cellular energy (ATP) to move molecules across the plasma membrane, usually against a concentration gradient
  • Has two sites: Solute and ATP
  • the Na+K+ pump is a carrier protein and also requires energy

 

Term
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Definition
  • Exocytosis: macromolecules are secreted from cell.
  • Endocytosis: cell consumption of extracellular material
  • IE Phagocytosis (cell extends to fuse around said object), Pinocytosis (small portion of Plasma Membrane dimples inward surrounding solutes and single molecules)
Term
DNA Replication: Overview
Definition
  • Semi-conservative replication in the nucleus: occurs during S-phase of Interphase, DNA helicase unzips helix, DNA polymerase facilitates nucleotide base pair assembly
  • New Nucleotides are assembled by DNA polymerase in 5' (phosphate) to 3' (sugar)direction
Term
RNA Transcription
Definition
  • DNA never leaves the nucleus
  • RNA faciliates gene expression
  • mRNA is assembled by RNA polymerase in 5' to 3' direction

 

Term
RNA Translation
Definition
  • Occurs in the ribosome
  • mRNA sequence is translatied into an amino acid sequence
  • tRNA carries the amino acids and  allowing tRNA anti-codons to pair with mRNA codons = polypeptide chain is formed.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
  • For somatic cells only
  • results in 23 homologous pairs and a diploid
  • Interphase: Before mitosis begins. Chromosomes are doubled. Each chromosome forms into two chromatids.
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condence from long strands into rodlike structures.
  • Metaphase: Nuclear membrane disolves. Paired chromatids align at the cell's equator attached to spindle fibers.
  • Anaphase:The paired chromatids seperate and each chromatid is pulled to the opposite side of the cell.
  • Telophase: nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, and they condense. Mitosis is complete.
  • Cytokinesis: Animal cell:The cell pinches in two.
  • Plant cell-a cell plate forms and seperates the cell into two at the center.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
  • Germline cells
  • Has two rounds of cell division, which increases variability in population
  • Prophase I: homologous pairs become intertwined, exchange genetic sequences of DNA, called crossing over, which also increases genetic variability
  • Metaphase I: alignment of homologous pairs on the equator, independent assortment adds another layer to genetic diversity
  • Anaphase I: homologous pairs are separated, sister chromatids remain in tact.
  • Meiosis II: begins with two haploid cells ends with 4 haploid cells. SEE MITOSIS FOR DETAILS
Term
Gregor Mendel and his theories
Definition
  • (1822-1884)
  • Austrian monk who correctly deduced the process of heredity, despite being unaware of heredity
  • applied mathematical analyysis to previous observations
  • his experimental system: Pisum sativum and selective heritable traints, self fertilization
  • true breeding strains only expressed on trait in their offspring.
  • First Law Segregation: each gamete carries only one version of a particular allele
  • 2nd Law of Independent Assortment: genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently (IE metaphase)

 

Term
Gene
Definition
  • a sequence of DNA that results in a protein traint
Term
Allele
Definition
  • Alternate versions of a gene trait
Term
Heterozygote
Definition
  • Homologous chromosomes carry two different alleles for the same gene
Term
Homozygote
Definition
  • Homologous chromosomes carry two different alleles for the same gene (can be dominant or recessive)
Term
Recessive allele
Definition
  • Makes by the presence of a dominant allele; not expressed in the heterozygote genotpye
Term
Phenotype
Definition
  • The physical expression of the genotype
Term
Non-Mendelian Traits
Definition
  • Polygenic: can be influenced by two genes via continuous variation. Also called qualative or multifactoral inheritance. IE skin color
  • Pleiotropic: have more than one effect, results in many phenotypes. Muraation which leads to a group of symptoms and phenotypes. IE cystic fibrosis
  • Incomplete dominance: heterozygous phenotype. IE flower colors
  • Codominance: more than two alleles on each gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual. IE blood type, though it does NOT HAVE ITS OWN PHENOTYPE
  • Sex-linked: x linked inheritance genes not found on y chromosome. IE Hemophilia

 

Term
Energy
Definition
  • Defined as the capacity to do work
  • Kinetic Energy: energy of movement.
  • Potential energy: stored energy.
  • Electromagnetic: Light energy
  • Chemical energy: energy between bonds
  • Mechanical energy: energy of objects
Term
Thermodynamics
Definition
  • First Law: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed.
  • 2nd Law: 90% of energy is lost as heat each step down the trophic levels. Entropy is always increasing.

 

Term
ATP
Definition
  • Adinosintriphosphate
  • The most common energy carrier molecule in cells
  • Nitrogen containing base (adinosine), sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
  • Energy from glucose metabolism is stored between phosphate molecuels, which produces ATP from ADP
Term
Reactions
Definition
  • Exergonic Reactions (energy out): the reactants have more energy than the products. IE cellular respiration
  • Endergonic reactions (energy in): the products contain more energy than the reactants. IE photosynthesis
  • Coupled reaction: An exergonic reaction procieds the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction
Supporting users have an ad free experience!