Term
| Where do light dependent reactions take place? |
|
Definition
| Thylakoid in the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| Where do light independent reactions take place? |
|
Definition
| Storma of the chloroplasts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 200-300 pigment molecules capable of trapping energy from the sun |
|
|
Term
| Where is photosystem located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When electrons are pulled from the water, separate into hydrogen and oxygen ions. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA |
|
Definition
| Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
|
|
Term
| What are the three enzymes that are involved in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| Helicases, DNA polymerase, DNA ligasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of Helicases in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| Helicases unzip the weak hydrogen bonds, causing the DnA molecule to unwind |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of DNA polymerase in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| DNA polymerase attaches free nucleotides into one continues strand. |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of DNA legacies in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| DNA ligasis seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Natural,permanent change to DNA sequence |
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of RNA? |
|
Definition
| Messneger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA(rRNA), Micro RNA (miRNA) |
|
|
Term
| What does messenger RNA do? (mRNA) |
|
Definition
| carries the info from the DNA to the ribosomes, where the information is made into a protein. |
|
|
Term
| What does Transfer RNA do? (tRNA) |
|
Definition
| it is invalid in protein synthesis. They deliver the appropriate amino acid to the ribosomes as the mRNA is read. |
|
|
Term
| What does Ribosomal RNA do? (rRNA) |
|
Definition
| it is involved in protein synthesis. They are the main structural components of a ribosome. |
|
|
Term
| What does micro RNA do? (miRNA) |
|
Definition
| regulate gene expression. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in one or several bases in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, altering the message encoded in mRNA, which can result in a change in the protein synthesized. |
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|
Term
| clicker: Where does the first stage of photosynthesis occur? |
|
Definition
| Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| clicker: Where does the second stage of photosynthesis occur? |
|
Definition
| Storm of the chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| What is a ribosome made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: Which of the following statements regarding transcription is true? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: Who produced the 1st images of DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: How many codons are in the following transcript cap? AAACGUUAG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: If the base sequence of DNA is TCAAGT what is the base sequence of mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: which of the following are components of a DNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| Phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| Clicker: What has to happen before a transcript can leave the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| A cap must be put on, a tail added, introns removed. |
|
|
Term
| clicker: Photosystems contain what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: What is responsible fora absorbing photons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clicker: If the base sequence of of one stand of DNA is TGACCT, then the base sequence of the companion stand of DNA would be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a cell divides it gives? |
|
Definition
| 46 chromosomes to 2 cells |
|
|
Term
| clicker: Which enzyme unwinds the helix during replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does replication happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What products are produced during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What products are produced during the light independent reactions of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As a waste products of light dependent reaction |
|
|
Term
| Why is ATP and NADPH necessary or the light independent stage of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
ATP- gives energy to build sugar
NADPH- gives hydrogen to build sugar |
|
|
Term
| When sunlight energy hits a photosystem, what happens? Where do excited electrons go? What happens when all of their energy has been harnessed? |
|
Definition
| Photosystems absorb photons go to ETC to form ATP and NADPH |
|
|
Term
| List the three components found in DNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of helicases in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| Helicases unzip the weak hydrogen bonds, causing the DNA molecule to unwind |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of DNA polymerase in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| DNA polymerase attaches free nucleotides into one continues strand. |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of DNA ligacies in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| DNA ligasis seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand. |
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are typically found in a cell outside of the reproductive organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be an advantage of cloning? what is a disadvantage? |
|
Definition
| Replace a bad heart with a good one. No variation |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of an RNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| Ribose, nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil(replaces thymine), phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is used during transcription? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does transCRIPTION take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does transLATION take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does transcription differ from replication? |
|
Definition
Only one region of one DNA strand is used.
RNA polymerase is used instead of DNA polymerase
Result is a single-stranded RNA instead of a double stranded DNA |
|
|
Term
| What event must occur before a transcript may leave the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Get rid of introns, cap and tail added |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acid substitutions are made in Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cap in mRNA? |
|
Definition
| modified guanine that serves as a "start" signal for translation and helps bind mRNA to ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Exon in mRNA? |
|
Definition
| coding regions that are spliced together to produce the mature transcript. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of introns in mRNA? |
|
Definition
| noncoding portions that are sniped out |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of poly "A" tail in mRNA? |
|
Definition
| adds 100-200 molecules of adenine ribonucleotides to the end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis refers to division of the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of mitosis called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are checkpoint proteins? |
|
Definition
| regulate the cell cycle, stall the cell cycle if the DNA is not properly replicated or damaged |
|
|
Term
| When do sister chromatids become visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the spindle apparatus formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the spindle apparatus disappear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the spindle apparatus important? |
|
Definition
| its what moves chromatids around. Attaches centrioles to chromatids |
|
|
Term
| When are sister chromatids lined up on the equator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are sister chromatids pulled apart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the nuclear envelope disappear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the nuclear envelope reform? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells assemble most of the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins needed by the cell and for export. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further protein synthesis drives the cell toward mitosis and all organelles are duplicated. |
|
|
Term
| If a cell has a chromosome number of 1000 and it completes the cell cycle, how many chromosomes will be in each of the daughter cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a seperation, clevage furrow is who animals divide |
|
|
Term
| What is cell plate formation? |
|
Definition
| because of the cell wall, plant cells cannot just be pinched in two to divide, instead, a cell plate forms between the new cells to operate them and create a new cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| How many daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell following mitosis neoplasms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? |
|
Definition
| code for proteins that stimulates mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal the start of mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What are benign neoplasms? |
|
Definition
| abnormal masses of cells that have lost control over their growth and cell division(tumors) that are harmless. |
|
|
Term
| What are malignant neoplasms? |
|
Definition
| abnormal masses of cells that have lost control over their growth and cell divisions( tumors) that are harmful. |
|
|
Term
| What are HeLa cells? who did they come from? examples |
|
Definition
| Live of immortal cancer cells rom a women named Henrietta Lacks that were cultured by doctors at John Hopkins in 1951. Still dividing today sued in research and vaccines polio. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During replication they are lost preventing the loss of more valuable DNA at ends of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Importance of telomerase? |
|
Definition
| adds length to the telomeres but not fast enough. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four characteristics of cancer cells? |
|
Definition
Grow and divide abnormally,
cell membrane is leaky and cytoskeleton is disorganized,
cells have weakened capacity for adhesions and may break away and more to other sites in the body.
Have lethal effects. |
|
|
Term
| Which substances are required for the Light Undefended reactions in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| NADPH, carbon dioxide, ATP |
|
|
Term
| What might lead to mutations in DNA? |
|
Definition
| exposure to UV radiation, X-rays, and smoking |
|
|
Term
| The significance of the promoter is that? |
|
Definition
| Signals the start of a gene. |
|
|
Term
| The nuclear membrane reforms during? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nuclear membrane disappears in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Noncoding regions of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were used in the development of the polio vaccine, used in the development of Taxol |
|
|
Term
| During which phase are sister chromatids pulled apart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who produced first images of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does DNA replicate itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interval before the onset of DNA replication is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis ultimately produces? |
|
Definition
| Cells that are genetically identical and classified as clones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carrier of genetic information tightly packed |
|
|
Term
| Which class of RNA is the primary component of a ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme delivers free floating nucleotides to the exposed bases during replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is\are produced during the Light Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During photosynthesis, energized electrons are passed from photosystems through a series of proteins called ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does translation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves dna polymerase, involves both strands of dna, results in duplicated chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What is used to start light dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
