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| consists of all the living organisms living in a particular area and the nonliving environmental components. |
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| All the living organisms in an ecosystem make up a community. |
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| consists of a localized group of individuals of one species. |
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| An individual living entity |
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| Organ systems-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-molecules-atoms |
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| Fundamental units of life |
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| Coded in the sequence of 4 building blocks |
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| Common Features of All Forms of Life |
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-Growth and development
-energy use
-response to environmental stimuli
-ability to reproduce and evolve |
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| describes nature. Inductive reasoning |
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| explains nature. Deductive reasoning. |
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| universe-galaxy-solar system-planets-moons |
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| Hypothesis science. The creation of the universe about 14 million yrs. ago. |
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| Collapse, compacts, explodes! @ least 8x our sun |
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| Immense inter-stellular cloud mainly HYDROGEN |
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| The force of attraction between all masses in the universe |
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| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (96%) |
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| How much water in the body? |
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| low iodine produced mass in throat |
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| Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| # Protons = Atomic # = # Electrons |
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| mass # - atomic # (#protons) |
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| Radioactive! same # protons, different # neutrons |
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| joins atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
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| if its covalently bonded atoms share electrons equally |
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| the effect of the surface of a liquid, which makes it behave like a thin elastic film |
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| intermolecular cohesion between like molecules |
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| this attraction forms weak bonds |
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| A polar molecule that is THE solvent of life |
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| Example of Mechanical Energy |
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| Life's molecular Diversity based on? |
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| the properties of carbon. |
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| compounds containing carbon. Used by living things. |
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| composed of ONLY hydrogen and carbon. |
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| molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures |
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| Functional Group: Hydroxyl |
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| Functional Group: Carbonyl |
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| C=O (ex. aldehyde, ketone) |
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| Functional Group: Carbonxyl |
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| -COOH (ex. carboxylic acid, ionized) |
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| Functional Group: Amino Acid |
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| -NH2 (ex. amine, ionized) |
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| Functional Group: Phosphates |
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| -OPO3^2 (ex. organic phosphate [ATP]) |
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| organic molecule we use to store energy |
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| Four Main Biological Molecules |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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| when cells link to monomers to form polymers by losing water |
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| simple carb = easy to digest |
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| starch, glyogen, cellulose |
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| not very active. Loners. Exception to monomers/polymers. No repeating structures. Hydrophobic. |
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| Lipids whose main function is energy storage |
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| allows muscle tissue to repair |
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| polymer constructed from amino acid monomer |
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| proteins that regulate chemical reactions |
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| different arrangements of a common set of 20 amino acid monomers are linked by peptide bonds |
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| Contains: amino group, carboxyl group, R group |
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| determines the property of how the protein behaves |
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| information rich polymers of nucleotides |
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| monomers of nucleic acid composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. |
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~ase=enzyme=protein
~ose=sugar=carb |
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| remnant of an organism from a post geologic age, embedded and preserved in the earth's crust |
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| a thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces on separate regions of an organism |
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| a unicellular organism not having a true nucleus. OLDEST life forms, remain most numerous and widespread organisms. Ex. Archaea & Bacteria |
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| the old one. single cell. extremeophiles (live in extreme conditions). Never been known to cause disease. |
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| a differentiated structure within a cell that performs specific functions |
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| membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary info & controls growth & reproduction |
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| waste out->nutrients in. Everything that each cells needs goes through the membrane. |
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| aerobic. carry out cellular respiration, which uses the chemical energy in food to make ATP for cellular work. |
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| any organisms that lives within the cells of another organism |
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| eukaryotic organisms that are NOT animal, plant, or fungi. Ex. Amoebas |
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| system of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells, that divide the cell w/ function and structure components. |
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| NOT self-sustaining; lives within the tissue (endosymbiont) |
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| controls chemical reactions. stores info for cellular division |
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| very strong cell walls; chloroplast are present |
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| largest organelle is usually the nucleus. Separated by from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER) |
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-synthetic lipds
-processes toxins & drugs in liver cells
-stores & releases calcium ions in muscle cells |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) |
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| manufactures membranes. Produced proteins. Secretes polypeptides. "Rough" due to ribosomes. |
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| large concentration of lysosomes. big eaters. |
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| Digestive compartments within a cell. In white blood cells, can destroy bacteria that have been digested. Also recycles damaged organelles. |
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| can cause fatal disease. 40 diseases. |
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| Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell |
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| vacuoles: 6 primary functions |
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1. Remove unwanted structural debris
2. isolate harmful materials
3. contain waste products
4. maintain internal cell pressure (turgor)
5. maintain internal pH
6. inable the cell to change shape |
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| supported by rigid cell walls made largely of cellulose |
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| in animals, allow substances to flow from cell to cell |
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| Energy is the capacity to perform work. Can be used or stored! |
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| If energy situation A=B, then energy situation B=C, ergo A=C. |
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| a measure of energy unavailable for use or work. Unattainable. |
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| As you approach absolute zero, all processes virtually cease |
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| absorb energy and yield products rich in potential energy |
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| release energy and yield products that contain less potential energy than their reactants |
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| either stores or releases energy |
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| the sum of all these chemical reactions |
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| reactants must absorb some energy for a chemical reaction to begin |
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| a substance that regulates the rate of a reaction w/o being consumed |
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| Plasma membrane of the cell |
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| selectively permeable, controlling the flow of substances into or out of the cell |
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| 3 Things that flow thu the membrane |
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| nutrients, waste, chemical info |
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Hydrophilic! Form bilayers!
a two layer sheet called phospholipid bilayers with the heads facing outward and the tails facing inward |
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| A membrane is fluid mosaic with proteins and other molecules embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. |
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| diffusion across a membrane...spreading from high concentration to areas of low concentration. Crosses membrane w/o work |
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| transport proteins facilitate diffusion across membranes. Moves w/o use of energy |
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| transport proteins can move solutes against a concentration gradient through active transport. Require ATP |
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| 4 Ways to Move Things Thru the Membrane |
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| passive, facilitated diffusion, active transport, indo/exo cytosis |
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| Exo-goes out, endo-takes in! NO ENERGY USED |
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| breaks down glucose molecules and makes their energy in ATP |
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