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Biology Test 3 CH 10 12 13
Cambpell
62
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/15/2011

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Term
What are the products of light cycle and are used to power the dark cycle (calvin cycle)?
Definition
Carbon NADPH
Term
Where does the Dark Cyle/Calvin cycle occur?
Definition
stroma
Term
Why is oxygen released from photosynthesis?
Definition
During the Light Cycle water is split
Term
When a c
Definition
Term
When a color is absorbed by plant pigments what does this mean?
Definition
Those are the colors you don't see.
Term
The process of chemiososmosis in chloroplast involves:
Definition
establishment of hydrogen gradient/proton gradient
Splitting of water, which powers the dark cycle.
Term
What is the function of the Calvin cycle?
Definition
Makes sugar
Term
Which phase does not go through S phase
Definition
Meiosis 1
Term
A daughter cell at the end of mitosis how does it compare to its mother cell?
The mother cell after the cell was in G1 after mitosis?
Definition
-Diploid they have the same amount of DNA unreplicated because replication occurs during S phase
Term
When you begin to notice chromosomes?
Definition
Prophase
Term
What is the non dividing stage?
Definition
G0
Brain cells are non dividing cells neuron/nerves
Term
When is DNA replicated?
Definition
S phase
Term
2n=28
At S phase will there be 56 chromosomes?
Definition
No 28 replicated chromosomes
Term
Compare amount of DNA to a cell that is at the beginning of Meiosis 1 and a cell at the end of Meiosis 2
Definition
*****4:1 ratio
Cell at the beginning of meiosis 1:Diploid replicated
Cell after Meiosis 2: Haploid unreplicated
Term
When does independent assortment occur?
Definition
Metapphase in Meiosis
Term
What is Independent Assortment?
Definition
The random arrangement of chromosomes on the metaphase plate.
Term
How is genetic variability created
Definition
Crossing over
Independent assortment
Term
What are chiasmata?
Definition
Crossing over
exchange of genetic material
Occurs in Prophase 1
Term
What is synapsis?
Definition
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Term
Is there synapsis during Mitosis?
Definition
No Mom and Dad pairs never find each other
Term
What is density dependency?
Definition
A cell won't divide over a neighboring cell.
Term
What is anchorage cell dependance?
Definition
A cell will not grow if not connected
Term
What is an autosome?
Definition
A non sex cell
Not an X or Y
Term
What is aneuploidy?
Definition
Wrong number of chromosomes
caused by an error in meiosis
1 or 2 too little or too much
down syndrom missing X most people don't survive
Term
When do sister chromatids separate?
Definition
Mitosis: Anaphase
Meiosis 2: Anaphase 2
Term
When is a cell considered Haploid in Meiosis
Definition
During Meiosis 1 Telophase 1
Term
Stroma is analogous to what?
Definition
matrix in the mitochondria
Term
Mitosis: starts off with what type of cell and ends with what type of cell?
Definition
Somatic cell Diploid
Diploid
Term
Meiosis: Starts off with what type of cell and ends with what type of cell?
Definition
Somatic cell Diploid
Sex cell/germ cell Haploid
Term
Mitosis:
Definition
2n
Term
Meiosis:
Definition
n
Term
1 chromosome=
Definition
2 sister chromatids
Term
2 pairs of chromosomes during Metaphase 1 in Meiosis 1
Definition
Tetrads
Term
Mitosis
Definition
ALWAYS DIPLOID
Term
Diploid:
Definition
2n
Mom and Dad in same cell
Term
Haploid:
Definition
n
Mom and dad no longer in same cell
Term
Mitosis Prophase what occurs?
Is it replicated or un-replicated?
Definition
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Chromosomes condense/coil
Chromosomes are visible
Spindles form
It is replicated
Term
Mitosis: Metaphase what occurs?
Replicated or unreplicated?
Definition
Chromosomes line up at the Metaphase plate
Spindles attache to the kinetosphore region of the centromere where spindles attatch
If properly attached MAD genes signaled to continue division.
Replicated
Term
Mitosis: Anaphase what occurs?
Definition
Sister chromatids are pulled apart
Term
Mitosis: Telophase what occurs?
Definition
2 new daughter cells are formed.
Genetically idenical
Diploid cells unreplicated
they get replicated during S phase
Term
Cell cycle: 4 main parts:
Definition
Interphase( G1 S G2) M phase/division phase
Term
Cell cycle G1 what occurs?
Definition
Cell grows
Term
Cell cycle S phase, what occurs?
Definition
Synthesizing DNA (duplicates DNA)
Term
Cell cycle G2 phase, what occurs?
Definition
Grows again
checks for errors
proteins are made
Term
What is G0 and what does it do?
G0 is located:
Definition
A cell enters G0 if an error occurs
The cell is given a timeline to fix itself in G0
G0 is located in G1 G2 and M phase
Term
What is P53?
Definition
Tumor suppressor gene
Controls cell suicide
If cell doesn't fix itself within its timeline P53 is initiated and the cell dies
Catches/eats mutations
In cancer p53 is turned off and can't suppress tumors
Term
What powers the cell cycle?
Definition
Kinase enzyme
cyclin
CDK
MPF
Term
CDK MPF binding causes what?
Definition
cell division
push cell into division
High=Divide
Term
3 cell checkpoints:
Definition
G1 G2 M
Term
What are telomeres?
What enzymes assist them?
Definition
tips of the chromosomes
They get shorter every time the cell divides
once they get too short the cell stops dividing
Telemorase: enzyme that assists telomeres
Term
What are the 2 rules to cell division?
Definition
Density dependent inhibition
Anchorage Dependency
Term
What is density dependent inhibition?
Definition
When cells meet/touch they stop dividing. (There is no more room to divide)
A cell will not divide onto a neighboring cell
Term
What is Anchorage dependency?
Definition
When cell breaks off its specific are (Ex cells that line the stomach) are it will stop dividing
Term
Cancer cells defy which 2 rules?
Definition
Density dependent inhibition: Tumors are formed by a constant division and build up of cells.
Anchorage dependency: cancer cells spread to other parts of the body
Term
What are the two types of cell death?
Definition
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Term
Necrosis:
Definition
Normal cell death
You get scratched a new cell is formed
Telomere is shortened
Term
Apoptosis:
Definition
Programed/signaled cell suicide
Sun burn
P53 is signaled
Term
Mitosis the cell is _________ the whole time?
Definition
Diploid
Term
Meiosis 2 the cell is ________ the whole time.
Definition
Haploid
Term
How many daughter cells are yielded from Mitosis?
Definition
2 Identical Daughter cells
Term
How many daughter cells are yielded from Meiosis?
Definition
4 Daughter cells not genetically indentical
with half the amount of DNA than the mother cell
Term
Meiosis yields what type of cells?
Definition
Gametes-sex cells
Haploid n chromosomes
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