Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of DNA and protein molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed when chromatin coils up which is about to divide-contains cell's DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before DNA divides, it duplicates its chromosomes, forming identical copies which are _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division occurs; Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the nuclei of cells-equal distribution of chromosomes into daughter nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm divides in cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle forms (spindle apparatus composed of microtubules) that moves that chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes move to the equator of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell begins to divide-mitotic spindle breaks down-cytokinesis occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most normal cells divide only when attached to a surface |
|
|
Term
| Density Dependence Inhibition |
|
Definition
| cells continue dividing until they touch one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divide excessively and can invade other tissues and displace normal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal mass of cells-benign do not spread, malignant (cancerous) can |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth of cancer cells beyond original site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancers that originate in the external linings of the body (skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancers in tissues that support the body-bone and muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancers in blood forming tissues-bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to destroy dividing cells-targets cancer cells but can destroy normal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that disrupt cell division (ex: taxol-impairs the function of the mitotic spindle-discovered in the bark of the Pacific Yew) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces genetic variety among offspring-inherit chromosomes from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry genes controlling the same characteristics-different genes code for different variations of characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different versions of genes that code for different variations of characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determine gender; female: XX, male: XY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two homologous sets of chromosomes (2n) in humans the number is 46 (2n=46) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single set of chromosomes; n=23 in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when egg and sperm cell fuse; 2n=46 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division that forms gametes-reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in synapsis, homologous chromosome pairs come together and form a tetrad. These pairs exchange segments (crossing over). Spindle forms-tetrads start to move towards the center of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and the cell divides in cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes align in the center of cell (metaphase plate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and cytokinesis begins-forms 4 haploid cells when complete |
|
|
Term
| Independent Assortment (Independent Orientation) |
|
Definition
| each pair of homologous chromosomes orients itself on the metaphase plate independently of other pairs in Meiosis I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologous chromosomes-adds to genetic variability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of gene combinations different from those on the original chromosomes-result of crossing over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical traits; ex: yellow seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first generation of offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring of F1 generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the expression of 2 different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote (both genes are dominant) ex: blood type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation in gene for fibrillin (connective tissue) effects skeleton, cardiovascular system, lungs, eyes and skin (Pleiotropy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits affected by genes at more than one loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous range in a given trait among individuals; the more genes a trait is affected by, the more _____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains master gene for sex determination; if present testes form; contains very few genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more genes than Y chromosome, many deal with nonsexual trains; genes can be expressed in both males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chart of genetic connections among individuals; used to follow traits in humans through generations and determine the genotypes of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trait is carried on the x chromosome; appears in males more than females, males cannot inherit from his father; ex: colorblindness, hemophilia |
|
|
Term
| Autosomal Recessive Inheritance |
|
Definition
| two recessive alleles must be present for trait to be displayed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents may be carriers; albinism, sickle cell disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carried on dominant alleles; ex: achondroplasia, Huntington's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special type of dominant disorder, arises as the result of a spontaneous mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 more or 1 fewer chromosomes than normal; many miscarriages are _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra chromosome where 21st pair of homologous chromosomes is normally located |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate=causes abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| XXY-individual is usually sterile, feminine characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| XO-sterile, short stature, webbing of the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females with XXX, limited fertility |
|
|
Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
|
Definition
| polymer composed of nucleotides; contains instructions for how to build proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches complementary nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joins fragments on lagging strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acid; has uracil instead of thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries protein building instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivers amino acids to the ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single strand of mRNA is formed from a DNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of 3 nucleotide bases found on the mRNA, these triplets of bases code for specific amino acids=genetic code; 61 different ones; 3 are stop ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNAs attach to amino acids in the cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosome; tRNAs have anticodons that complement the codons on the mRNA; tRNA attached to the amino acids bind to the mRNA strand bringing the amino acid to the ribosome in the process; amino acids are strung together to make polypeptides that compose proteins |
|
|
