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Biology Test 2
Ch 6-9 Campbell
116
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2011

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Term
Where would you find a lot of Golgi?
Definition
-gland cells
Term
Where would you find a lot of mitochondria?
Definition
-brain cells
-heart cells
Term
Where would you find a lot of Smooth ER?
Definition
-Liver cells
Term
Prokaryotic Cells:
Definition
-lack nucleus
-cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and outer cell wall
-may have flagella and pili
-bacteria have cell walls
Term
Eukaryotic Cells:
Definition
-complex internal structures (organelles)
-Membranous organelles: nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes
Non membraneous organelles: ribosomes, microtubules, centrioles, flagella, and cytoskeleton
Term
Animal vs Plant cells
Definition
-plant cells: plasma membrane, cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplast
Term
Four functional groups of organelles
Definition
Manufacture
Breakdown
Energy processing
Support, movement, communication
Term
Nucleus
Definition
-genetic control center
-surrounded by double membrane
-nuclear pores allow passage of material to nucleus
-DNA present
-organelles within responsible for RNA synthesis
-nuclear laminant: holds nuclear membrane during division
Term
Endomembrane system:
Definition
Rough ER
Smoot ER
Term
Rough ER:
Definition
contains ribosome synthesis
makes protein
Term
Smooth ER:
Definition
synthesizes lipids
processes materials
acts as a storage and detoxifies substances
-EX liver cells
Term
Vescicles: Synthesis and packing of secretory protien
Definition
Go to Golgi apparatus carry cargo in them
cells tell them where to go signals are sent to them
Term
Golgi apparatus:
Definition
-UPS sorts, warehouses, modifies, packs, and reships substances.
-Recieves products from the ER (vescicles)
-modifies products that are sent to it in vesicles and sends them out
-Puts Zip codes on products so they know where to go in the cell
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
X chromosome
factor goes in vesicles and never goes to Golgi so that factor doesn't go into your blood
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
-contain corrosive enzymes *degrade
- if defective they cause fatal diseases
Tay Sacks disease
-help recycle material Ex liver cells
-work in your white blood cells
-neurological maintenance
Term
Tay Sacks
Definition
-ribosomal risessive
they go backwards in development mentally
enzyme does not work in lysosome
nervous system cant be maintained
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
cell maintenance
plants hold organic substances
storage bin
only human cells with vacuoles are fat cells
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
powerhouse of the cell
double membrane
site of cellular respiration
inner membrane outer membrane
matrix and cristae
Term
Prokaryotes do not have
Definition
Mitochondria
ETC located on cell wall
Term
Cristae:
Matrix:
Intermembrane
Definition
-Inner membrane, folding within mitochondria
- between cristae
-between inner and outer membrane
Term
Peroxisomes:
Definition
detoxify
inside white blood cells
fry germs
take water turn it into hydrogen peroxide
take hydrogen and turn it into water by removing H
Term
Fry germs
Definition
peroxisomes lysosomes
Term
Detoxification:
Degradation:
Definition
-Neutralizes something in reactions
-Chop something up into pieces
Term
cytoskeleton:
Definition
internal cell skelet
3 things
-microfilaments
-intermediates
-microtubioles
Term
3 components of the cytoskeleton and function
Definition
Microfilaments: Made of actin, makes them able to bear tension Ex muscles made of actin
-function: tension of cell muscle contraction
Intermediate: made of many types of proteins
-function: skeleton of the cell, more permanent fictures of cytoskeleton
Microtubule: Made of tubular, changes shapes can get longer or shorter by adding and removing subunits
-functions: things that can grow and get smaller
Ex-cilia, flagellum, microtubules move chromosomes apart
Term
Microtubules make
Definition
Cilia and Flagells
Structure consists of of 9 microtubule doubles around a central pair 9+2
LOOK AT SLIDES FOR MOVEMENT
Term
Hydrophobic/small:
Definition
passes through the membrane easily without transporter
Term
Large and Charged molecules:
Definition
Need transport channels to pass through membranes
Term
Aquaporine:
Definition
water channel that lets water through
Term
Uniports:
Definition
one cell one direction
Term
Syn ports:
Definition
2 cells one direction
Term
Anti ports
Definition
2 cells opposite dirrections
Term
Membrane components
Definition
-embedded proteins (intergral proteins)
-cholesterol
-peripheral proteins
Term
Phospholipids:
Definition
polar head
non polar tail
Term
Systic fibrosis
Definition
Chloridic channels dont work
Term
Proteins in membrane
Definition
integral: transmembrane go all the way through membrane. Amphipathic-charged and non charged regions
Peripheral proteins: membrane surface
Term
The proxy that powers oxidative phsophoralation
Definition
Kinetic energy when protons(Hydrogen) diffuse down the gradient (Facilitative Diffusion)
Term
Happy flower Wilted flower
What happened to the water in the wilted flower?
Definition
solution is hypertonic
Term
Celery was crisp then it wilted.
Why?
Celery was wilted then became crispy again
Definition
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Term
For each glucose that enters glycolysis how many NADH are produced by Kreb cycle?
Definition
6
Term
Amino acid valine is transported into the cell by a transporter. It does not recognize any other molecule.
Definition
Uniport
Term
Chemiosmotic generation of ATP in the ETC is driven by?
Definition
Hydrogen gradient
Difference in concentration in both sides of the cristae
Term
X+ plus We- = Xe- plus W+
Which is oxidized?
Which is reduced?
Definition
none are oxidized
X is reduced because it had an electron then lost the electron to W
Term
How many Co2 foe each pyruvate?
Definition
1 turn=2
1 glucose=4
Term
Substrate phosphoralation occurs where?
Definition
-Krebbs Cycle
-Glycolosis
-Cytoplasm
-Matrix
Term
The enzyme (A) 1,4 catalyses (B) 1,3
If (B) 1,3 stops the reaction what is this called?
Definition
Negative feedback
Term
When ATP is made by ATP synthase
Definition
H+ moves from inter membrane to the matrix
Inter membrane= high H+ concentration
matrix- low H+ concentration
Term
Most ATP is produced by?
Definition
oxidative phosphoralation
Chemiosmosis
Term
In the ETC who is the final electron acceptor
Definition
Oxygen
Term
A balloon filled with a water concentration of 55% is put in a beaker of a solution that has a salt concentration of 70%. What happens to the balloon?
Definition
The balloon shrinks and the water from the balloon goes into the solution. Going from High concentration of water to low.
Term
What does phosphorolation do?
Definition
Increases chemical reactivity
increases potential energy
through high energy phosphate bond PO4
Term
L->M->N
Label reaction
Definition
L:Reactant/Substrate
->Enzyme
M: Intermediate
N:Product
Term
Intermediaries are what?
Definition
NADH FADH
carriers from once cycle to the next
Term
If N binds to Enzyme 1 at its active site
what is ocuring?
Definition
Comp inhibition
Term
If N stops Enzyme 1
What is occurring?
Definition
Negative feedback
feedback inhibition
Term
What do glychoproteins do?
Definition
Cell to cell recognition
ID tag of cells
Peripheral protien
Term
What do transmembrane proteins do?
Definition
Protein channels
intergal proteins
Amphypathic
Term
What does cholesterol do?
Definition
Protects against temperature change.
Term
LDL
HDL
Definition
LDL is bad. Faulty receptors are supposed to pull LDL out of the blood into the live
HDL is good
Term
A->B->C DeltaG +6.1
What type of reaction is this?
Definition
Needs energy (Endergonic/anabolic reaction
Matching reaction to get energy:
R->S->T DeltaG -7.4 must be greater/equal to what is needed
Term
DeltaG is -70KCal
add enzymes and heat
What is the DeltaG now?
Definition
-70KCal
Term
Liver cells would contain a lot of?
Definition
Smooth ER
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Term
ATP->ADP+Pi+energy
What type of reaction is this? Why?
Definition
Exergonic
Catabolic
Term
Junction types:
Definition
Tight junction
anchoring junction
gap junction
Term
Tight Junctions:
Definition
Joined tightly
Dont allow materials to pass from cell to cell
Ex-Stomach cells have tight junctions
Term
Anchoring Junctions:
Definition
Cells are temp/perm joined together
located in high friction areas
bottom of your feet
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
communicating opposite to tight cell
joined together
allow materials to flow from cell to cell
Term
Diffusion/Passive Diffusion:
Definition
A substance moving from HIGH TO LOW
Does not need help
not charged substance can pass through membrane
Term
Fascillitated Diffusion:
Definition
HIGH TO LOW with the help of a protein
-EX intergral protein
Term
Active Transport:
Definition
When a substance goes from a LOW TO HIGH (against the gradient) with the help of ATP (energy)
endergonic/anabolic
Term
Sodium Pottassium Pump NA K uses what?
Definition
Antiport and active transport
Term
exocytosis:
Definition
things are leaving the cell
Term
Endocytosis:
Definition
things enter the cell
there are three types
Term
pinocytosis:
Definition
water enters
Term
phagocytosis:
Definition
bacteria enters cell
Term
Receptor mediated:
Definition
regulated receptors on the outside of the cell determine what comes into the cell.
Term
Hypotonic:
Definition
High concentration of water and low solution concentration.
Term
Hypertonic:
Definition
Low water concentration High solute concentration
Term
Isotonic:
Definition
does not change size
Term
Water:
Solution:
Definition
solvent
Solute
Term
DeltaG:
Definition
free energy
NEVER CHANGES
Term
- DeltaG:
+DeltaG:
Definition
Has energy
Needs energy
Term
Endergonic:
Definition
needs energy +DeltaG absorbs energy
also anabolic build up
Reactants have low energy
Products have high energy
Term
Exergonic:
Definition
-DeltaG
gives off energy
catabolic break down
Reactants have high energy
Product has low energy
Term
Law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy cant be created or destroyed
Every energy transformation increases entropy everything goes through increase chaos
Term
anabolic:
Definition
build up
endergonic
Term
catabolic
Definition
breakdown
exergonic
Term
Breakdown of ATP
Definition
exergonic
catabolic
Term
Factors that affect enzymes
Definition
pH
temperature
salt
co-factors
chemicals
Term
Inhibitors:
Definition
stop enzyme reactions
Term
Competitive inhibitors
Definition
block active site
substrate can't enter
Term
Non competitive inhibitor
Definition
They bind to a secondary site
change the shape of the active site of an enzyme
substate cant bond with enzyme
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
Feedback inhibition
pathway is turned off
-excess of something so pathway is stopped
product binds with active site and turns it off
Term
Poisons that affect the ETC
Definition
Brotenone
DNP
Caynide/CO
Oligomycin
Term
Why do we breath in oxygen?
Definition
to catch the hydrogen at the end of ETC to control hydrogen gradient
Term
The oxygen (O) we breath bonds to
Definition
Cytochrome A3
and Hydrogen from the ATP synthase
Term
Brotenone:
Definition
Poison that blocks the 1st protein channel in ETC
Term
DNP:
Definition
eats mitochondria (cristae/Innermembrane) creating holles
These wholes allow hydrogen to flow freely through the membrane causing the hydrogen gradient to be equalized.
Causes an increase in temperature turn RED
Term
Cyanide/CO Carbon monoxide
Definition
Poison binds to the hydrogen and Cytochrome A3 before O (oxygen) can
Term
Oligomycin:
Definition
blocks ATP synthase (last protein that spins)
Term
Leo the lion says gir
Definition
Leo-Loses electrons oxidized
Girr-Gains hydrogen or electrons reduced
Term
reduction:
Definition
gains electrons/hydrogen
has potential energy
Term
oxidation:
Definition
Loses electrons or hydrogen
Term
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
which part of the equation is being oxidized? Why?
Which part of the equation is being reduced? why?
Definition
Carbon is being Oxidized because it lost Hydrogen
Oxygen is being Reduced because it gained Hydrogen
Term
NADH
FADH
Definition
Intermediaries
energy carriers
transport hydrogen to ETC
Term
Chemeosmosis
Definition
use hydrogen gradient used to power the synthesizing of ATP
Difference in concentration in between cristae
Chemiosmotic phosphorolation
Term
Substate phosphorolation
Definition
phosphate is added to ADP yielding ATP NADH FADH
Term
Glycolysis:
Located:
Definition
10 steps
1-5 endergonic
6-10 exergonic make ATP NADH
cytoplasm
for 1 glucose + phospate yields:
-2 ATP
-2 NADH
-2 Pyruvate (Glucose snaps in half)
-Carbons
Term
Krebs Cycle:
Purpose:
location:
Definition
To make NADH FADH
Matrix of mitochondria
2 turns=1 glucose --> 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4CO2
1 turn= 1 piruvate --> 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH 2CO2
Term
ETC
location:
Definition
Most ATP is made here
cristae/inner membrane of mitochondria
Chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorolation powers synthesis of ATP
active transport through proteints
fascilitative diffusion in atp synthase
NADH is reduced protien is oxidized
hydrogen is pumped into the intermembrane highly acidic
then goes down the atp synthase fascilitated diffusion
oxygen with cyt waits to bond with hydrogen so hydrogen gradient can be preserved.
34 ATP is made with H20 as producs
Term
Why is pyruvate made?
Definition
Krebs cycle does not like glucose.
Term
Pyruvate is processed before going into the Kreb's cycle into what?
Definition
Pyruvate is stripped of carbon and releases CO2
modified by coenzyme A (CoA) in the matrix formingacetyl CoA this goes into the next cycle
Term
1 FADH -->
1 NADH -->
Definition
2 ATP
3 ATP
Term
Glycolysis
Takes place?
what's broken down?
Purpose:
Products:
Process:
Definition
Cytoplasm
Glucose
produce pyruvate
2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH
Substrate phosphororylation
Term
Kreb's cycle:
Takes place?
what's broken down?
Purpose:
Products:
Process:
Definition
Matrix
2 pyruvate to acetyl Coa
reduce NAD FAD to NADH FADH
6NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH 4CO2
Substrate level phosphorolation
Term
ETC
Takes place?
what's broken down?
Purpose:
Products:
Process:
Definition
Cristae Inner Membrane
NADH FADH
Make ATP
ATP water
Oxidative Phosphorylation chemiosmosis
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