Term
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Definition
| The Capacity to do work on matter. |
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Term
| What are the Energy Laws? |
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Definition
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
With every energy transformation, some energy is converted into heat. |
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Term
| How are Energy Laws important to organisms? |
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Definition
| Every cell must take in energy and use it for cellular work. We have to take in energy from somewhere and convert it into a usable form. |
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Term
| What is a Chemical Reaction? |
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Definition
| A Rearrangement of atoms between molecules. |
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Term
| What do chemical reactions have to do with energy? |
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Definition
| It's how we produce or change the energy into a more usable form. For example, photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| If the product molecules contain MORE chemical bond energy than the reactant molecules, then energy input is required for the reaction. (small molecules being built up into big molecules require energy.) |
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Term
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Definition
| if the product molecules contain MORE chemical bond energy than the reactant molecules, then energy input if required for the reaction. (Large molecules breaking down into small molecules and gives off energy.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions (speed up chemical reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reactant molecule that is bound to an enzyme. (what they are called while they are attached to an enzyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| The location where a reactant molecule binds to an enzyme. (reactive molecules attach to enzyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| If an enzyme (or any protein) has it's shape changed is is called denatured and cannot perform it's functions. (shape is changed so much that it does not function right) |
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Term
| What makes an enzyme specific for a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
| every single chemical reaction in a cell needs an enzyme to catalyze it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell or an organism. |
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Term
| Define Metabolic Pathway. |
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Definition
| A series of chemical reactions where the products of one chemical reaction are used as the reactants of the next. (product of 1st reaction is used as a reactant of the next.) |
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Term
| Why does denaturation disable an enzyme? |
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Definition
Changes the pH.
Changes in the temperature.
Changes the order of the amino acids of the protein. |
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Term
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
6CO2+12H2O=> C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O |
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Term
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Electron Transport System (ETS)? |
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Definition
| A series of molecules in a membrane that transfers an electrons along the membrane, releasing a little of the Electron's energy at each step. It's the most efficient way to harvest electron energy for cellular work. |
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Term
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Definition
| The molecules that present before a chemical reaction occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The molecules that are present after a chemical reactions occurs. |
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Term
| Why are ATP and ADP Important to living Organisms? |
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Definition
| It's how we make or utilize energy. |
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Term
| What kind of organic molecule is an enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does an enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
| They are specific. Enzymes are only able to catalyze one specific type of chemical reaction. |
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Term
| Does ADP or ATP stores energy for cellular work? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what organelle of Eukaryotic Cells is ATP made using the Electron Transport system? |
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Definition
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Term
| At What stage and under what conditions does fermentation occur? |
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Definition
| It occurs in Glycolysis II. Fermentation depends upon the presence or absence of oxygen. If there is no oxygen then fermentation occurs. |
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Term
| How is fermentation important to the life of the cell? |
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Definition
| Frees NAD so that glycolysis may continue. |
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Term
| how do people make use of fermentation? |
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Definition
| It's used when making alcohol. Baking any leavened foods,gaining energy with out oxygen. Aerobic classes. |
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Term
| What causes our muscles to become sore? |
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Definition
| Fermentation in your muscles from lack of oxygen produces lactic acid, making your body less efficient. |
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Term
| What process produces the substance that causes soreness? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are other foods besides carbohydrates used to make ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do they go through glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we need to breathe? What are we getting from the air, and what do we use it for? Why do we breather harder when we exercise? |
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Definition
| We need to breathe so we can perform cellular respiration, which allows us release energy from the food we eat. We get Oxygen from the air and it's used in anaerobic respiration. we are going through glycolysis fast enough. |
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Term
| Why is photosynthesis important for plants? |
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Definition
| It's the metabolic pathway that enables producers to make their own food (glucose) using carbon dioxide, water, and light energy. |
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Term
| Why is photosynthesis important for organisms that cannot do it? |
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Definition
| the was product produced from it, Oxygen, is used in cellular respiration which nearly all living organism perform. |
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Term
| How is energy trapped by photosynthesis transferred to non- photosynthesizing organisms? |
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Definition
| When it's eaten. We in turn, use it eat our food. |
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Term
| Does photosynthesis require energy? Why? What is the source of that energy? |
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Definition
| Yes, The energy is what enabled the plants to strip their food to make energy they can use. Sunlight. |
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Term
| Why is chlorophyll necessary? What does it do? |
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Definition
| Green pigment that is chlorophyll captures the light. The electrons in chlorophyll are excited by light energy. These electrons are moved into an ETS where their energy is harvested to make chemical bonds. |
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Term
| What is the role or ATP in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| ATP made during the lights dependent reaction supplies the energy to build glucose. |
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Term
| Does photosynthesis produce ATP for cellular work? Why does it produce ATP? |
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Definition
| Yes. It supplies the energy used to build glucose. |
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Term
What is the final energy rich product of
photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What colors of light are useful for photosynthesis and why? |
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Definition
| Red, Blue, and Violet. Just right amount of energy to excite electrons and cause something to happen. |
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Term
| What colors of light are useful for photosynthesis and why? |
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Definition
| Red, Blue, and Violet. Just right amount of energy to excite electrons and cause something to happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the number of multicellular organisms, replaces old or damaged cells,and produces new organisms (asexual reproduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the number of cells, replaces old or damaged cells, produces new organisms (asexual reproduction). |
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Term
| How do daughter cells compare to the original parent cell? |
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Definition
| they mirror the parent cell. |
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Term
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Definition
G1 phase - Cellular growth
S Phase- DNA Replication
G2 Phase- Cellular Growth and preparation for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes are condensed and the nuclear envelop is broken apart. Spindle apparatus forms and migrates to opposite poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules from the spindle aparati attach to the centromere of each chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubules align all chromosomes at the equator of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubles shorten (condense), this separates the replicated chromosomes and pulls each copy to an opposite pole of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| (opposite of prophase) a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, the two spindle apparati break parts, the chromosomes uncoil and lengthen. |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical separation of the cell into two different cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| long molecule of DNA with protein molecules bound to it. |
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Term
| What is a sister chromatid? |
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Definition
| each half of a replicated chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| constriction that holds sister chromatids together. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| three or more sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
| Define Homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| chromosomes that are the same size with a centromere in the same location, and carry the same sequence of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the joining of the different gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| the diploid fertilized egg, which results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex fertilization produces ZYGOTE. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is a zygote one cell or two? |
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Definition
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Term
| When (in Meiosis I or Meiosis II) are copies of one chromosome separated? |
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Definition
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Term
| When (in Meiosis I or Meiosis II) are homologous chromosomes separated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of meiosis in the life cycle of an organism? |
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Definition
| creates individual variation so we don't have 12 types of people out there. |
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Term
| Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number? |
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Definition
| because the daughter cell can only take 1/2 the chromosomes from each parent. |
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Term
| Making sperm is a straightforward meiosis with four daughter cells. How is egg production (oogenesis) different? |
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Definition
| The division is unequal. Only one egg is produced. Many different delays. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction with at least two different organisms contributing to the genetic code of the offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg. |
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