Term
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
they do not have membrane bounded organelles.
No histone proteins
peptidoglycan
divide by binary vision. |
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Definition
| What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the name of the roughly spherical shaped cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the name of the rod shaped cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the name for the spiral shaped cells? |
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Term
Largest > or equal to 50 micro meters
smallest < .3 micrometers |
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Definition
| How big is the largest prokaryotes, how small is the smallest? |
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Term
Glycocalyx
Fimbriae
Pili
Flagella |
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Definition
| What are the structures that are external to the cell wall? |
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Term
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Definition
| The general term used for substances that surround cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the glycocalyx called when it is organized and firmly attached to cell wall? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the glycocalyx called when it is unorganized and loosely attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the glycocalyx required for cell growth? |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycocalyx is composed mostly of what? |
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Term
Protection against desiccation
Exclude bacteriophages and toxic materials
aids in attachment in biofilm formations
aids in mobility, especially in slime producing form |
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Definition
| What are the benefits of having a glycocalyx |
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Term
| Similar to fimbriae , required for bacterial mating. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most motile bacteria used what? |
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Term
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Definition
| The term used to define a cell with one flagella? |
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Term
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Definition
| The term used to describe tufts at one or both ends |
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Term
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Definition
| The term used to describe flagella at both ends? |
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Term
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Definition
| The term used to describe flagella that is spread evenly over whole cell structure? |
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Term
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Definition
| Do eukaryotic cells have flagella? |
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Term
| filament, hook, basal body |
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Definition
| What are the three parts of the flagella? |
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Term
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Definition
| What protein makes up the filament of the flagella? |
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Term
| Links filament to basal body |
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Definition
| What is the function of the hook? |
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Term
| series of rings that drive flagellar motor |
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Definition
| What is the function of the basal body? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell? |
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Term
It protects the cell from adverse changes in outside environment and from toxic substances.
Contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease
site of action of some anti biotics
Chemical composition of cell wall is used to differentiate major types of bacteria. |
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Definition
| What are some functions of the cell wall? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the name of the substance that makes up the cell wall? |
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Term
| many layers of peptioglycan in cell wall, thick rigid structure, contains techoic acids |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of a gram positive wall? |
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Term
| Thin layer of peptioglycan, more susceptible to mechanical breakage. Contains lipids in cell wall. |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of a gram negative wall? |
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Term
| Christian Gram developed the Gram stain. Gram positive stain purple, gram negative stain pink. |
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Definition
| Who developed the method for determining the differences in cell walls? How does the test work? |
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Term
Chief point of contact with environment, location of crucial metabolic processes
maintains internal state while cell acquires nutrients and eliminates waste. |
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Definition
| What are some of the characteristics of the plasma membrane? |
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Term
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Definition
| What what kind of structure to lipids form inside the plasma membrane? |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomes are composed of? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does protein synthesis happen in a cell? |
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Term
| They're ecologically important, medically important. |
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Definition
| Why do we study eukaryotic cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the two types of cells covered are larger, prokaryotes or eukaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Who was the scientist that showed the nucleus to be a constant feature of eukaryotes? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the double membrane structure consisting of 2 phospholipid bilayers? |
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Term
| nuclear pores allow materials to be transported into or out of nucleus, they penetrate the nuclear envelope. |
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Definition
| What is the function of nuclear pores? |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the dense fibrous material within the nucleus? |
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Term
Contains DNA and histone proteins.
condenses to form chromosomes during cell division. |
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Definition
| What are some characteristics of chromatin? |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for loosely organized DNA? |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightly coiled chromatin is called? |
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Term
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Definition
| What structure directs the production of Ribosomal rna? |
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Term
| The endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Definition
| The irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs. (collectively cisternae) |
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Term
3 main functions: Transports proteins, lipids, and other materials within the cell.
major cite of cell membrane synthesis
synthesis of lysosomes. |
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Definition
| What are the three main functions of the Endopalsmic Reticulum (er) |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the two main types of Endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The names of the ribosomes that are not attached to Er systems? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which structure is involved in modiciation, packaging, and secretion of materials and is related to the er. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the membrane bound digestive vesicle? |
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Term
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Definition
| The incorporation of food into the cell via vacuoles or vesicles? |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of macromolecules? |
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Term
Vacuoles and vesicles.
Vacuoles are larger |
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Definition
| what are the two digestive cavities discussed in class, which one is larger? |
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Term
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Definition
| The term for large particles being enclosed in a "phagocytic vacuole" |
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Term
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Definition
| The term for the uptake of small amounts of liquid with its solute molecules via the pinocytotic vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the collective term for phagosomes and pinosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the term used for newly formed lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the term used to describe material that cannot be digested by the lysosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary lysosomes that selectively digest portions of a cell's own cytoplasm? |
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Term
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Definition
| The organelle which is referred to as the powerhouse of the cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or false, Mitochondria uses its own dna and ribosomes to synthesize proteins independently of the cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| The cytoplasmic organelles which are the sites of synthesis and storage of food products? |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the gelatinous matrix lying just inside the second membrane of a chloroplast? |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the flattened membrane delimited sacs? |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex environment required for cellular activities? |
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Term
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Definition
| About how much of the cytoplasmic matrix consists of water? |
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Term
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Definition
| Microfilaments for shape and movement - |
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Term
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Definition
| The network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that play a roll in both cell shape and movement? |
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Term
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Definition
| Do animals have cell walls? |
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Term
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Definition
| Most prominent organelles associated with movement in eukaryotic cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complex, dynamic structures made of lipid and protein molecules |
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Definition
| What are the biological membranes? |
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Term
| Define cell as a compartment, regulate passage of materials, participate in chmeical reactions, transmit signals between cell interior and the environment, act as part of energy transfer and storage |
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Definition
| What are the functions of biological membranes? |
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Term
| Regulates passage of materials, receives information about environment, communicates with other cells |
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Definition
| What is the plasma membrane? |
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Term
| Membranes consist of fluid phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic pattern of associated proteins |
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Definition
| What is the fluid mosaic model? |
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Term
| are amphipathic and contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
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Definition
| Phospholipid molecules are... |
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Term
| Makes the cell membrane a liquid crystal. |
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Definition
| Orderly arrangement of phospholipid molecules does what? |
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Term
| Proteins attached to outside of cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins that span lipid bilayer |
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Definition
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Term
| portion of polypeptide chain that crosses membrane |
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Definition
| Transmembrane Domain is the...? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transport materials, acting as enzymes or receptors, cell recognition |
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Definition
| What are the functions of membrane proteins? |
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Term
| Signal transduction, structurally linking cells |
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Definition
| Function of membrane proteins are? |
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Term
| Net movement of a substance from a region of greater to lower concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| process in which water passes through a selectively permeable membrane from region of higher concentration to lower |
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Definition
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Term
| concentration of dissolved substances in a solution |
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Definition
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Term
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Definition
| equal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| loses water in plasmolysis (more solute in solution) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal hydrostatic pressure in walled cells |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of plasma membrane from the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| The control of water balance |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrier protein mediated membrane permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| type of facilitated diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves ions or molecules against a concentration gradient and uses ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 substances transported same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 substances transported opposite direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells communicate by a process called |
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Term
| Synthesis and release of signaling molecule, Transport to target cells, Reception by target cells, Signal transduction, Response by the cell, Termination of signal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanically attach cytoskeleton of a cell to cytoskeleton of another cell or to the ECM |
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Term
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Definition
| points of attachment between cells (for anchoring) |
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Term
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Definition
| tight connections between adjacent cells (for organizing & holding cells together) |
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Term
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Definition
| function as both bridge and communication junction |
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Term
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Definition
| plant equivalents to gap junctions (used for communication) |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to do work or cause a particular change |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement of organisms, cells and intracellular components |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake and removal of nutrients, elimination of waste, maintenance of ions |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat energy is measured in |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of heat required to raise the temp of water by 1oC |
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Term
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Definition
| Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred from one molecule to another by way of electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electron carriers are often used to transfer electrons from an electron donor to an |
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Term
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Definition
| a science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter called a system |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of disorder in a system |
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Term
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Definition
| energy contained in a molecule’s chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction requiring an input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that releases free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| When products contain more free energy than reactants |
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Term
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Definition
| When reactants contain more free energy than products |
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Term
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Definition
| rate is the same in both forward and reverse direction |
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Term
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Definition
| energy needed to get a reaction started |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction |
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Term
| ATP=Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Definition
| primary source of energy transfer from cell’s energy-conserving systems to the systems that carry out cellular work |
|
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Term
| the phosphates repel each other, much energy is required to keep the phosphates bound to each other, much energy is released when the bond between two phosphates is broken |
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Definition
| Phosphates are highly negative, therefore: |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells |
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Term
Most are proteins
Lower the activation energy required for a reaction
Are not changed or consumed by the reaction
Assist almost all biological reactions
Highly specific catalysts |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule that will undergo a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Temperature
pH
Regulatory molecules
Substrate concentration |
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Definition
| Factors that can change an enzyme’s 3-D shape |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of enzyme’s structure and activity when temperature and pH rise too much above optima |
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Term
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Definition
| protein component of an enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| directly competes with binding of substrate to active site |
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Term
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Definition
| binds enzyme at site other than active site |
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Term
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Definition
| differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of an enzyme by a small molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind to the allosteric site to inactivate the enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind to the allosteric site to activate the enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| different enzymes that catalyze same reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of larger, more complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy |
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