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| all environments on earth that support life. Ex: Land, bodies of water, oceans... |
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| all organisms living in a certain area - nonliving environmental components. Ex: soil, water, atmospheric gas. |
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| all LIVING organisms in an ecosystem. Ex: Plants, animals, microorganisms. |
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| localized group of individuals of a species. Ex: sugar maple trees, American Black Bear |
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| an individual living entity. Ex: Brown Pelican. |
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| Group of organs that work together to accomplish body functions that sustain life. |
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| Group of several types of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions within an organism. |
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| a group of cells of the same type that perform a similar function |
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| basic organizational unit of all living organisms |
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| a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function |
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| Group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical bonds |
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| Reduces complex systems to simpler components. Only one components of the system is studied. |
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| unable to explain all the interactions of the components of a system when only one component is studied. Lose/unable to study the emergent properties of the system. |
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| Model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. Biologists will be able to predict how change in one component of the system will impact other components and the system as a whole. |
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| describes natural structures and processes through observations and data. |
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| This type of science seeks to answer questions that are asked after observation of a natural structure or process. (explanation) |
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| descriptive recordings rather than numeric measurements |
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| Make several specific observations over a long period of time and come to a generalization. |
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| From a generalization you come to a specific conclusion. |
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| There must be some way to check the validity of the hypothesis (idea/answer to the question being asked) |
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| There must be some observation or experiment that could reveal if such an idea is actually not true. |
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| amount of experimental testing can absolutely prove a hypothesis is true…because it is impossible to test all alternative hypotheses (including the ones no one has thought of). |
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| 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Experiment 6. Test supported or falsified |
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| Everyday meaning of theory |
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| explanation of a an observation/problem with little experimental data to back it up; extensive testing of a hypothesis is not done |
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| Scientific meaning of theory |
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| : explanation of an observation/problem with a great deal of experimental data to back it up; results from extensive testing of a hypothesis |
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| Understanding natural phenomena |
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| Applies science knowledge for some specific purpose or problem |
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| anything that takes up space and has mass |
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| a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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| substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
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| the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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| protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| unit of measurement for the atom and subatomic particles |
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| the number of protons that is unique to the elements |
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| the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| atoms that have a greater number of neutrons giving it a greater mass |
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| an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
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| Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen |
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Definition
| 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter |
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| the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
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| the different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom |
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| the electron's energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus. |
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| the 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
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| which subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions? |
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| sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |
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| two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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| two atoms are equally electronegative - a bond where electrons are shared equally |
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| one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally |
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| bond between a negatively charged ion and a positively charged ion |
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| compounds formed by ionic bonds |
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| when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
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Definition
| the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction |
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| liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
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| dissolving agent in the solution |
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| the substance that is dissolved |
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| the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
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| any substance having an affinity for water |
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| substances that do not have an affinity for water. nonionic and nonpolar actually repel water. |
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| a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid |
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| the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
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| the cling of one substance to another |
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| measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molar motion in a body of matter |
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| measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
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| the amount of heat that must be adsorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature 1 degree C |
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| the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
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| a water molecule that lost a proton |
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| when another proton binds to a water molecule (H3O) |
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| substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution |
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| - substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution |
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| determined by relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) |
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| substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution |
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| organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
| consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. |
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| consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond |
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| when an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group. |
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| a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule. |
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| consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen |
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| a phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms (two oxygens carry a negative charge, one is bonded to a C skeleton) |
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| the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds |
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| molecules that are mirror images of each other |
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| the compounds of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
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Definition
| have the same covalent partnerships, but differ in spatial arrangements. inflexibility of double bonds |
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Definition
| one subunit of macromolecules |
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Definition
| many monomers linked together |
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Definition
| joins monomers together to form polymers, water is lost |
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Definition
| breaks polymers apart into monomers, water is used |
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| monomer of the carbohydrate macromolecule |
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Definition
| 2 monomers linked together by a dehydration reaction |
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Definition
| 3 or more monomers linked together by dehydration reactions |
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Definition
| This is the covalent bond that forms between carbohydrate monomers linked together in a dehydration reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| ALPHA glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds. Your body CAN break the glycosidic linkages between these ALPHA glucose monomers. |
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Term
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Definition
| BETA glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds. Your body CANNOT break the glycosidic linkages between these BETA glucose monomers |
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Definition
| the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals |
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| a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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| a polypeptide chain or several polypeptide chains folded into the correct conformation |
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