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Definition
| a process in which similar structures may evolve to perform the same function in vastly different species |
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| similarity in the characteristics of species, resulting from their common ancestry |
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Definition
| natural selection that shifts the overall genetic makeup towards one end |
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| parts of the body that were once useful but became functionless in the course of evolution |
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Definition
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| a symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited, while the other organism is not affected in any way |
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Definition
| a relationship in which both organisms benefit |
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Definition
| a process in which bacteria living on the roots of plants convert the nitrogen in soil into a form that can be used by plants; in return, the bacteria get nutrients |
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| all of the populations of various species that live and interact in a living environment |
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| the layer of skin below the epidermis that contains sweat glands and oil glands |
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| an organ system that transports materials from body tissues back to the blood through lymphatic vessels |
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| the part of the brain that controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate |
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| the structure that serves as the site of exchange of materials between uterine tissue and the embryo |
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| a process in which organisms are introduced into a disturbed environment |
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| the part of the brain that controls functions such as response to hunger, thirst, pain, and temperature changes |
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Definition
| the failure of chromosomes to properly separate |
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Definition
| the exchange of the ends of two non-homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| a three-nucleotide sequence |
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Definition
| the tendency of molecules to spread from an area of high concentration to low concentraion |
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Definition
| the first step of respiration in which one glucose model is converted through a series of steps into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the conversion of energy stored in the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) into usable energy in the form of ATP |
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Definition
| chains of amino acids created by peptide bonds |
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Definition
| a principle stating that an organism's alleles are segregated when it produces gametes |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| a law stating that the alleles for each trait are inherited separately from each other |
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Definition
| natural selection that causes the culling of extreme phenotypes from a population |
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Definition
| the divergence of two populations into two different species |
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Definition
| the derivation of energy from food sources in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
| a process in prophase I in which the different versions of the chromosomes trade lengths of their DNA segments |
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Definition
| a step (level) in the food chain |
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Definition
| the vascular tissue in plants that both carries water and dissolved nutrients upward from the roots and provides structural support |
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Definition
| the vascular tissue in plants that is responsible for distributing the products of photosynthesis (amino acids, carbohydrates, etc.) from the leaves to the rest of the plant |
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Definition
| the only classificatory kingdom that is prokaryotic |
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Definition
| a process of asexual reproduction that involves dividing into two identical clones |
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Definition
| the diffusion of molecules that passes through permeable protein channels in the cell membrane, rather than through the membrane independently |
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Definition
| a control system of the body that functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream |
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Definition
| the final stage of aerobic respiration, in which an electrochemical gradient in the mitochondria powers the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| a trait that is functionally similar to that of a different species but that arose from a distinct, ancestral condition |
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Definition
| the evolutionary process by which ancestral forms of an organism are diversified through adaptation to new environments |
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Definition
| an asexual reproduction process in which a small portion of the cell membrane and cytoplasm receive a nucleus and pinch off from the parent cell |
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Definition
| a conductive component of the vascular system that transports food an nutrients throughout the plant body |
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Definition
| the organ system that protects the body from damage (scales, skin, hair, nails) |
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Definition
| the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species |
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Definition
| the inability of two or more populations to exchange genes |
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Term
| subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) |
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Definition
| a layer of fat that lies beneath the dermis and that insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and is a reserve energy source |
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Definition
| a form of reproductive isolation in which populations occupy the same territory but live in different habitats and so do not meet |
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Definition
| the failure of hybrid zygotes to develop functional gametes at adulthood |
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via direct cell-to-cell contact |
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Definition
| a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic and abiotic compartments of Earth |
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Definition
| the process by which part of population becomes separated by a physical barrier and divides into two different species |
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Definition
| the functional parts of an organ in the body |
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Definition
| a layer of tissue that is the source of cells for secondary growth |
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Definition
| an isolating mechanism in which two allopatric species do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior |
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Definition
| any evolutionary change at or above the level of species |
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Definition
| a change in gene frequency within a population |
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Definition
| radiation with enough energy to ionize an atom upon point of interaction |
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Definition
| a continuously growing horizontal underground stem that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes |
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Definition
| a group of four-legged vertebrates that have a terrestrially adapted egg |
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Definition
| an organism having both males and female sex organs, either abnormally or as the natural condition |
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Definition
| respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP) |
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Definition
| a mammal that lays eggs stead of giving birth to live young |
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Definition
| the unique role a population plays in its community |
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Definition
| an intimate association between organisms, which may or may not be beneficial to the organisms involved |
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Definition
| a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) takes favor from the host |
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Definition
| the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution |
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Definition
| synthesizing organic compounds by energy derived from chemical reaction rather than from the energy of the sun |
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Definition
| an organism that can make its own food |
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Definition
| an organism that derives its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances |
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Definition
| an organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter and constitutes part of the food web |
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Definition
| the first population to move into a geographic location and begin the process of ecological succession |
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Definition
| a combination of plant and animal forms that dominate mature ecological communities |
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Definition
| the amount of living matter in a given ecosystem |
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Definition
| the grouping of fossilized remains according to relative and absolute age |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule or gene sequence that has a constant rate of change through accumulation of neutral substitutions, and is therefore good for measuring the relatedness of different species |
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Term
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Definition
| a false evolutionary theory stating that species change over time by the use and disuse of structures and the inheritance of acquired traits |
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Term
| inheritance of acquired traits |
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Definition
| a crucial (and incorrect) aspect of Lamarck's theory of evolution that the traits a parent acquired during its lifetime would be passed on to its offspring |
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Term
| disruptive selection (diversifying selection) |
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Definition
| changes in population genetics that simultaneously favor individuals at both extremes of the distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency with which an allele for a certain characteristic appears among all possible alleles for that characteristic in a population |
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Definition
| the geographic isolation of populations of a species so that they cannot interbreed |
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Definition
| the study of biological classification |
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Definition
| the evolutionary relationships of a genetically similar group of organisms |
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Definition
| the organ of blood filtration in arthropods |
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Definition
| a longitudinal rod of cells that forms in the least developed chordates and in embryonic stages of more developed chordates |
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Definition
| the genetic transmission of traits from parent to offspring, so the offspring resemble their parents |
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Definition
| the diploid product of the fusion of the father's haploid sperm cell and the mother's haploid ovum cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cellular reproduction that results in the formation of four haploid cells from one diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which haploid sperm cells form through meiotic division |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which haploid egg cells form through meiotic division |
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Term
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Definition
| a photograph of the chromosomes from an individual cell, usually lined up in homologous pairs, according to size |
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Term
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Definition
| a monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6-H12-O6, used as the raw material for cellular respiration |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| the energy storage molecule for the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the three-carbon end product of glycolysis, and the raw material of the Krebs cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| an energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
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Term
| Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) |
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway in aerobic organisms in which acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental unit of heredity, composed of a stretch of DNA |
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Definition
| a codon on mRNA that signals the termination of DNA translation (UAA, UAG, or UGA) |
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Definition
| the total number of chromosomes present in a somatic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| any plant or animal cell that is not a germ cell, meaning it is not passed down to offspring; the class of cell formed during mitosis |
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Definition
| the number of homologous pairs in a cell |
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Definition
| a haploid sex cell, created out of germ cells |
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Definition
| an RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA molecule used in protein synthesis as a link helping to convert messenger RNA into amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with a codon of mRNA at the A site of a ribosome during translation |
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Definition
| the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle in which the cell divides |
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Definition
| a cylindrical organelle in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |
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Definition
| a complex of microtubules that forms between opposite poles of a cell during mitosis, and that serves to separate and move chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell for division |
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Definition
| an ion or compound that removes H+ ions from solutions and that has a pH value above 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| a hydrogen ion donor with a pH value below 7 |
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Definition
| a common biochemical reaction in which a new compound is formed by the joining of two compounds to release water |
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Definition
| a common biochemical reaction in which the bond between two molecules is split by the addition of a water molecule |
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Definition
| a biological catalyst made of proteins |
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Definition
| the bond between the amino acids in a protein, formed by dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
| the monomer of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
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Definition
| one of the nitrogen-containing bases in DNA and RNA (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) |
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Definition
| the startig material that will undergo chemical change in a chemical reaction facilitated by an enzyme |
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Definition
| the part of an enzyme that interacts with, or binds to, a substrate |
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Definition
| A compound that regulates activity by binding to an enzyme to tell it when to catalyze a reaction |
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