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| composed of groupings of microtubules. involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis |
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| site of drug detoxification by means of mixed-function oxidases, synthesis of proteins that are secreted from the cell, N-linked glycosylation of newly formed polypeptides, Calcium storage in muscle tissue |
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| protein of the cytoskeleton, made of tubulin |
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| functioning in cytokinesis, amoeboid movement, and changes in cell shape. Found in cytoplasm (cytoskeleton) |
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| basic unit of a muscle. between 2 Z discs. Myosin forms thick filament, actin forms thin |
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| anaphase. chromosomes pulled apart. Key machineries? microtubules. |
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| actively monitor spindle formation. |
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| liquid found inside the cells, separated into compartments by membranes |
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Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Containing waste products
Containing water in plant cells
Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
Maintaining an acidic internal pH
Containing small molecules
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[4] |
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| contains cells' chromosomal DNA |
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| Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.[3] Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders[4] and cardiac dysfunction,[5] and may play a role in the aging process |
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| As well as conducting photosynthesis, they carry out almost all fatty acid synthesis in plants, and are involved in a plant's immune response. A chloroplast is a type of plastid which specializes in photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture the sun's light energy, and store it in the energy storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. |
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| the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid. It is a type of junctional complex present only in vertebrates. The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions. |
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| specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types.[1][2][3] It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells |
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cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes.
Desmosomes help to resist shearing forces and are found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium. The intercellular space is very wide (about 30 nm). Desmosomes are also found in muscle tissue where they bind muscle cells to one another. |
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| microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells[2][3] and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them Unlike animal cells, every plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall. Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening lamella, forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast. Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated, symplastic intercellular transport of substances between cells. There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells |
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| pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis.[1] It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I |
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| cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells |
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| Introns get spliced out, exons stay |
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| unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA. Each tRNA contains a specific anticodon |
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| capable of developing into a complete organism or differentiating into any of its cells or tissues |
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| DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.[1] It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector |
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formed in the early gestation of vertebrates. It is preceded by the morula. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM), or embryoblast, which subsequently forms the embryo, and an outer layer of cells, or trophoblast, surrounding the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. The human blastocyst comprises 70-100 cells..
Blastocyst formation begins at day 5 in human fertilization |
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| To increase cell volume, some specialized cells undergo repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division (endomitosis), forming a giant polytene chromosome. Polytene chromosomes form when multiple rounds of replication produce many sister chromatids that remain synapsed together. Permits high level of gene expression |
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| infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form. Has NO nucleic acid |
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| found in virtually all vertebrate animals. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, the spleen acts primarily as a blood filter. As such, it is a non-vital organ, with life possible after removal. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) and the immune system |
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| Produces lymphocytes, site of hematopoiesis |
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| the site of hematopoiesis, a specialized organ that, is necessary for B cell (part of the immune system) development in birds. In mammals, the bone marrow does this job. |
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| The most primitive vascular plant cells that conduct water and provide support |
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| Cells that primarily provide transport of water in angiosperms |
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| Cells that transport photosynthate |
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| Red blood cell. Has hemoglobin |
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| Precursor to the northern group of continents |
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| Precursor to Africa, South America, Austrailia, Antarctica, and India |
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| Supercontinent that began to break up during the Triassic |
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| ocean that existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia during much of the Mesozoic era |
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• first life appears
plate tectonics established
• oxygen-poor atmosphere |
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| a drug that increases permeability of membrane to a specific ion |
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| an endotherm's temperature tolerance range. basal rate of heat production is in equilibrium with the rate of heat loss to the external environment |
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| species interactions that benefit at least one of the participants and cause harm to neither |
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| flowering plants. seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies |
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| the part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen and is usually borne on a stalk |
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| the part of a flower that consists of the separate or fused petals and constitutes the inner whorl of the perianth |
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| part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals. The pistil may be made up of one carpel or of several fused carpels, and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels |
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| the slender, neck-like portion of the carpel that leads to the ovary |
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| receptive surface on which pollen lands and germinates its pollen tube[image] |
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| region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control |
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| part of the brain that is involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing |
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| control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. maintains homeostasis. controls pituitary hormone secretion. influences various emotional responses |
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| portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion and heart rate |
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| Hensen's node (aka primitive node) |
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| a mass of cells at the cranial end of the primitive streak in the early embryo |
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| atrioventricular node , AV node |
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| a collection of Purkinje fibers beneath the endocardium of the right atrium, continuous with the atrial muscle fibers and atrioventricular bundle; it receives the cardiac impulses from the sinoatrial node and passes them on to the ventricles |
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| constrictions of myelinated nerve fibers at regular intervals at which the myelin sheath is absent and the axon is enclosed only by Schwann cell processes. |
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| dorsal marginal region of the blastopore, which acts as a center of differentiation |
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| outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo, from which the epidermis, nervous tissue, and, in vertebrates, sense organs develop |
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| composed of the outermost layers of cells |
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| Part of the periderm, a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems |
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| tissue in most plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. |
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| outer layer of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the endodermis. responsible for the transportation of materials into the central cylinder of the root through diffusion and may also be used for food storage in the form of starch |
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| living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, to all parts of the plant where needed. consisting of sieve tubes, fibers, parenchyma, and sclereids |
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| transports water in plants, by transpirational pull and root pressure |
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| functional parts of an organ in a body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, namely, the connective tissues. Mostly of ectodermal or endodermal origin. |
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| In leaves, they form the mesophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis and the exchange of gases. store starch, protein, fats and oils and water in roots, tubers (e.g. potato), seed endosperm (e.g. cereals) and cotyledons (e.g. pulses and groundnut). |
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| serve as supporting and strengthening tissue |
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