Term
|
Definition
| observations made with the five senses and written in adjectives |
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Term
| quantitative observations |
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Definition
| observations made with measurements and written in numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts that can be tested by further investigation |
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Term
|
Definition
| the variable you change in an experiment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the variable that may change as a result of a change in the independent variable and that you measure |
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Term
|
Definition
| an educated guess based on observations |
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Term
|
Definition
| something that you think might occur in an experiment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a collection of organized information, results |
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Term
|
Definition
| the variables you keep the same in an experiment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the group in the experiment where the independent variable is not changed |
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Term
|
Definition
| a series of steps that you take to complete an experiment |
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Term
|
Definition
| an informed inference based on experimental data |
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Term
| theory (simple definition) |
|
Definition
| a hypothesis that has been repeatedly supported and never proven wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of a large body of information, experimental and inferential, and serves as an overarching framework for numerous concepts. It is subject to change as new evidence becomes available. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the difference between the highest and the lowest numbers |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| measure of closeness to a known standard (i.e. how close you are to the "right" answer) |
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Term
|
Definition
| error in procedure or uncertainty in experimental data |
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Term
|
Definition
| data that accurately reflects the concept intended to be measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| an example of data that does not accurately reflect the concept intended to be measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| trustworthy, dependable, data with no experimental error |
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Term
|
Definition
| misleading, data with much experimental error |
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Term
|
Definition
| the best or maximum that can be achieved |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| All living things are composed of cells, cells come from other cells by the process of cell reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that germs (microorganisms) cause disease, often by infection through the air |
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Term
|
Definition
| Invasion of an organism by pathogenic microorganisms or viruses that causes disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses light to magnify images of small objects |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound structures inside of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| A carbon containing molecule that comes from a living organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, unicellular bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell or organism with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| French chemist that disproved spontaneous generation contributing to cell theory, discovered fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulting the in the pasteurization process, pioneered germ theory, and developed the first vaccine for anthrax. |
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Term
|
Definition
| English scientist who observed and named the cells of cork in 1665 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dutch scientist who observed microorganisms like bacteria and protists in the 1670's |
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Term
|
Definition
| German bacteriologist who isolated the anthrax bacterium supporting germ theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism that can only be seen through a microscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal condition that impairs the function of the organism, disrupts homeostasis |
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Term
|
Definition
| any agent (especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that causes disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| an action that reduces the spread of pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| being free from germs and infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance that will spark an immune response when the organism is exposed to a particular virus |
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Term
|
Definition
| holds together the two strands of DNA, A paris with T, G pairs with C |
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Term
| x-ray crytallography/diffraction photography |
|
Definition
| a technique used to determine the shape of a molecule using the diffraction of x-rays |
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Term
| Watson, James and Crick, Francis |
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Definition
| made the first 3-D model of the double helix of DNA in 1953 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Took x-ray diffraction photographs of DNA helping Watson and Crick with their work |
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Term
|
Definition
| the coiled structure of double stranded DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Austrian biochemist that determined DNA contains like numbers of adenine/thymine and guanine/cytosine in 1950, led to an understanding of complementary base pairing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multiple scientists working together towards the same goal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Soviet biochemist who proposed that early Earth was covered in a "primordial soup" in his book "The Origin of Life" published in 1924 |
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Term
|
Definition
| American scientist who created protocells |
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Term
| Miller, Stanley and Urey, Harold |
|
Definition
| Americans who conducted an experiment to test Alexander Oparin's theory by sparking a simulated primordial soup with electricity to form simple biomolecules in1953 |
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Term
|
Definition
| information that tends to prove a fact |
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Term
|
Definition
| Italian physician that disproved spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a compound that is attracted to the same compound |
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Term
|
Definition
| a compound that is attracted to different compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bond in which electrons are shared unequally and spend more time around one atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bond in which elecrons are shared equally |
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Term
|
Definition
| a weak bond with a hydrogen atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| when liquid transforms into gas |
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Term
|
Definition
| the evaporation of water from plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| water released by sweat glands to lose heat energy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is |
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Term
|
Definition
| pH from 7-14, concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| pH from 0-7, high concentration of protons (H+) in solution |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| water that has been evaporated and condensed again in order to purify it |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| a very large molecule such as a polymer (i.e. carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, or protein) |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein that can catalyze a chemical reaction |
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|
Term
| carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur |
|
Definition
| the main components/elements of all living cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| small molecules that join together in repeating units to form a polymer |
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Term
|
Definition
| large molecules composed of smaller repeating monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to store and release energy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| used to store genetic information |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural molecules or enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| monomer of carbohydrates, a.k.a. simple sugars |
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Term
|
Definition
| monomer of nucleic acids, made of nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
| the 3-D shape of a protein, a.k.a. tertiary structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule (usually protein) that speeds up a chemical reaction without changing itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| measure of amount of heat energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6CO2 + H2O + sunlight energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which producers trap sunlight energy to make gluose |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which organisms burn sugar with oxygen to make ATP energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + H2O + ATP energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| CO2, released by organisms by cellular respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| O2, released by producers by photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| travels as photons (particles) of light, used by producers to make glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy stored in molecules such as lipids, glucose, and ATP. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a green pigment molecule found in the chloroplast that traps sunlight energy in photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| sugar made by producers by photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| adenosine triphosphate, provides energy for the cell, made during cellular respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances that change in a chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances that result from a chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism made of many cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism made of one cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| another name for eubacteria, bacteria with cell walls |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an ancient form of bacteria often found in extreme environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| unicellular eukaryote such as a paramecium, euglena, and amoeba |
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Term
|
Definition
| a phylum within the kingdom Protista |
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Term
|
Definition
| a shoe-shaped protist covered in cilia |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protist with chloroplasts and a single flagellum |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protist that moves using pseudopod extensions |
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Term
|
Definition
| microscopic hair-like extensions on the outside of cells that can move back and forth |
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Term
|
Definition
| a whip-like tail used for locomotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| cellular extension that stretches the membrane of a cell in order to move |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| multicellular eukaryotic producer |
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Term
|
Definition
| multicellular eukaryotic consumer |
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Term
|
Definition
| the double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus in eukaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains DNA, site where RNA is made |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of cellular respiration and ATP production |
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Term
|
Definition
| chlorophyll containing organelle, site of photosynthesis in producers |
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Term
|
Definition
| ridid barrier around cells of bacteria, fungi, and plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| organelle that stores water and food |
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acid that stores genetic information |
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acid used by ribosomes to make proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of protein synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| transports materials though the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| site where cell products are packaged for export |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains digestive enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls what enters and leaves the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of structure and function of all living things |
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Term
|
Definition
| when dissolved substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water through a cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of molecules across a membrane which requires ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism's regulation of its internal environment despite changes outside the body or cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a cell determines its specific function in a multicellular organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| the series of changes an organism undergoes as it ages and grows |
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Term
|
Definition
| two-layered arrangement of lipid molecules found in the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural model of plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within the lipid bilayer |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins in the membrane that regulate what goes in to and out of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lipid found in the cell membrane giving it flexibility |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a molecule is broken down in a liquid until you can't see it and it becomes a part of the solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of how much of a substance is mixed in with another substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a material that allows some molecules through but not others |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which intracellular chemicals are released into secretory vesicles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the uptake of extracellular materials into the cell in vesicles |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism that makes its own food |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism that eats other organisms for energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism that makes its own food |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism that eats other organisms for energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism that breaks down matter for energy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| production of new organisms by fusing two gametes together |
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Term
|
Definition
| production of new organisms by replicating, no gametes involved |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of cells working together |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of tissues working together |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of organs working together |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed into the blood and/or cells (stomach and intestines) |
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Term
|
Definition
| brings oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide (lungs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing waste (blood, heart) |
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Term
|
Definition
| filters blood to remove waste (kidneys) |
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Term
|
Definition
| any organ system that removes something. Kidneys remove liquid waste, intestines remove solid waste, lungs remove carbon dioxide and some water, skin removes heat and some water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| defends against bacteria, viruses, and other parasites (white blood cells, lymph nodes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls and coordinates body functions (brain, nerves) |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of neurons, connects the brain to muscles or glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| all of the glands that make hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical messenger released by one cell that travels to another, usually through the bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| when an individual has a gene that makes him or her more likely to have a certain trait (especially a disorder) |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-living, microscopic, infects a host cells to replicate its DNA or RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the protective layer around viral DNA or RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cell that is "hijacked" by a virus so it can replicate its DNA or RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| division of the nucleus in order to form two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| haploid gamete, sperm or egg |
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Term
|
Definition
| two divisions of the nucleus in order to form four haploid gametes |
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Term
|
Definition
| having two copies of each chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| having one copy of each chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| haploid cell made for the purposes of sexual reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cell that will develop into a gamete, sperm or egg |
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Term
|
Definition
| division of the cytoplasm and the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| phase of mitosis or meiosis where the spindle fibers form and chromosomes become visible |
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Term
|
Definition
| phase of mitosis or meiosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and attach to spindle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| phase of mitosis or meiosis where spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| phase of mitosis or meiosis where the nuclear membrane begins to reform |
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Term
|
Definition
| when homologous chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis form a tetrad and swap parts of their chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Father of Genetics, discovered inheritance of genes and dominant alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the chance something will happen |
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|
Term
| Mendel's laws of heredity |
|
Definition
| Law of Dominance = dominant and recessive alleles, Law of Segregation = gametes are haploid, Law of Independent Assortment = genes randomly assigned to gametes |
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Term
|
Definition
| allele combination, example = AA, Aa, or aa |
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Term
|
Definition
| observable traits of an organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| genotype with like alleles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| genotype with unlike alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| when present, the allele that is expressed in the phenotype |
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Term
|
Definition
| when present in a heterozygous organism, it is the trait that is not expressed |
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Term
|
Definition
| when alleles blend to form a third phenotype |
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Term
|
Definition
| when both alleles in a genotype are expressed at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
| an allele that is found on a sex chromosome (X or Y chromosome) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chart that depicts the inheritance of a genetic trait in a family |
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Term
|
Definition
| Punnett square depicting possible genotypes of two traits in offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method for showing the potential the results of genetic crosses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Punnett square depicting possible genotypes of one trait in offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition that results from a defective gene or chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition exhibitting by individuals with three copies of chromosome 21 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a picture of all the homologous chromosomes in a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| having three copies of a chromosome (instead of two) |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of making new proteins in the ribosome |
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|
Term
| genetic variation/diversity |
|
Definition
| the variety of alleles present in a population |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes swap DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of a single base or segment of DNA; will render a gene useless |
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|
Term
| addition/insertion mutation |
|
Definition
| gain of a single base of segment of DNA; will render a gene useless |
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Term
|
Definition
| a single base of DNA is incorrectly replicated as a different base; will change one amino acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mutation to a gene that makes the protein more functional than before |
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|
Term
| detrimental/deleterious mutation |
|
Definition
| a mutation to a gene that makes the protein less functional than before |
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Term
|
Definition
| the nucleotide sequence of codons and the amino acids they code for |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a highly coiled strand of DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairs with thymine or uracil |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous base found in DNA, pairs with adenine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairs with cytosine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairs with guanine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous base found in RNA, pairs with adenine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of copying a gene from DNA into mRNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| messenger RNA that copies a DNA gene and is read by the ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| jelly-like substance inside cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of unwinding DNA and assembling a new complementary strand for each old strand |
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Term
|
Definition
| the orginal strand of DNA which provides the sequence necessary to assemble new strands of DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of DNA technology to identify criminals |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of removing, modifying, or inserting gene in to a DNA molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| a movement in the early 20th century aimed at improving the human race by controlled selective breeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| any activity that may appear scientific but does not adhere to the scientific method |
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Term
|
Definition
| an international effort to identify and sequence every base and gene of the human genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| making a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| grouping related species into categories |
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Term
|
Definition
| the formal method of naming species (Genus species) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The three major groups of organisms (Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taxonomic rank after domain (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaea) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taxonomic rank after kingdom and before class (ex: Chordata) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taxonomic rank after phylum and before order (ex: Mammalia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taxonomic rank after class before family (ex: Primates) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taxonomic rank after order before genus (ex: Hominidae) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taxonomic rank after family before species (ex: Homo) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smallest taxonomic rank (ex: Homo sapiens). A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| forks into two branches, such as in an identification guide |
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Term
|
Definition
| derived from the same ancestral structure |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar in appearance or function, but derived from different ancestral structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| structure that an ancestory used but is no longer functional in a current species |
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Term
|
Definition
| any evidence of an organism that lived long ago (remnant, trace, or impression) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when all the members of a species die out |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a species that no longer exists |
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Term
|
Definition
| comparing DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences in closely related organisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the early stages of development in an organism, especially the comparison of closely related species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism in the early stages of development |
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Term
|
Definition
| A tree-like diagram that depicts relationships between species |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A tree-like diagram that depicts relationships between species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the creation of new species by splitting a population in two, each with its own adaptations to environmental pressures |
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Term
|
Definition
| change of allele frequency in a population over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the history of life as preserved in fossils |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method for dating rocks by measuring radioactive decay |
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Term
|
Definition
| the alteration of atoms as sub-atomic particles are released slowly over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| differences in inherited traits among members of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of how evolution occurs, organisms with advantageous genetic traits survive and reproduce more than less fit individuals |
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| a genetic trait the confers fitness to an organism in its environment |
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| when organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support |
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| when two organisms of the same or different species want the same resources (food, territory, shelter, mates, etc.) |
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| when organisms with more advantageous traits survive and reproduce while others do not |
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| products of reproduction, i.e. children |
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| all organisms of a species born within a period of time |
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| French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| Inherited characteristics |
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| characteristics passed down from parent to offspring in genes |
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| characteristics an organism obtains throughout its own lifetime |
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| Revolutionary scientist who proposed evolution by natural selection in his book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859 |
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| An archipelago off the coast of Ecuador where Charles Darwin made many observations |
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| a condition or event that can hurt a population of organisms |
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| the collection of all the alleles available in a population |
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| the form and structure of an organism |
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| Evolutionary biologist who proposed punctuated equilibrium in 1972 |
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| Theory that species spend long periods of time without evolving between spurts of quick change |
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| estimating the age of a rock by comparing with the age of nearby rocks |
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| determining the exact age of a rock by means of radioactive dating |
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| the number of organisms that can be supported by the resources in an ecosystem |
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| the components of the environment that restrict the growth of populations |
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| a graph that shows the growth and decline in population over time |
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| collection of interacting populations |
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| a group of organisms of the same species living in a certain area that can interbreed |
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| when a population that is new to an area grows in numbers |
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| when a population size remains about the same over a long period of time |
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| when a population size decreases in number |
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| when a population increases more and more every year (humans) |
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| all the living organisms that inhabit the environment, including predators, food sources, and competitors |
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| the nonliving elements in an ecosystem, such as temperature, moisture, air, salinity, and pH |
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| consists of all the interacting species and the abiotic environment in a given geographic area |
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| a close and permanent relationship between organisms of two different species |
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| a relationship between two species in which both benefit |
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| relationship between two species in which one benefits and the other is not affected |
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| relationship between two species in which one benefits and the other is harmed (but not killed) |
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| an organism that harbors a parasite, virus, mutual partner, or commensal partner |
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| circulation of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the environment |
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| position in the food chain |
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| simple transfer of energy from producer to herbivore to carnivore |
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| complex interlocking pattern of food chains |
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| depicts how stored energy decreases in higher trophic levels |
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| depicts howcombined mass of organisms decreases in higher trophic levels |
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| depicts how population size decreases in higher trophic levels |
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| a series of changes in a community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones especially after a disaster |
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| occurs when succession slows down and a stable community is established; made up of the fittest species |
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| a forest of trees that lose their leaves in winter; the climax community of Virginia |
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| an illustrated book to help you identify different species you find outside |
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| when two or more organisms need to the other(s) to survive or reproduce |
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| simple invertebrate animals with radial symmetry and stinging nematocyst cells; ex: jellyfish, coral |
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| groups of animals with no backbone |
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| group of animals with a backbone |
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| group of animals with a dorsal nerve cord and (usually) a backbone |
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| group of vertebrate animals descended from reptiles with feathers, wings, beaks, and endothermy (warm-blooded) |
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| group of vertebrate animals known for hair, mammary glands, and endothermy (warm-blooded) |
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| group of vertebrate animals known for claws, teeth, scaly skin, and ectothermy (cold-blooded) |
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| group of vertebrate animals that reproduces in water, but can live on land |
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| any body part that extends from the main body, usually arms and legs. These are jointed in arthropods. |
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| largest animal phylum characterized by jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton, molting (ecdysis), and segmented body |
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| subphylum of arthropoda; ex: bugs, flies |
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| subphylum of arthropoda, mostly aquatic ; ex: crab, lobster, shrimp, pill bug, barnacle |
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| invertebrate animal phylum characterized by a muscular foot, mantle, and radula; ex: snail, slug, bivalves, squid |
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| invertebrate animal phylum characterized by being bilaterally symetrical as larvae and pentaradially symetrical as adults; ex: starfish, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, sea urchins |
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| invertebrate animal phylum of segmented worms; ex: earthworm, leech |
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| most ancient animal phylum that has no true tissues, ex: sponges |
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| a method of obtaining nutrients by passing water mixed with microscopic pieces of food through tentacles, gills, etc. |
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| invertebrate animal phylum of flatworms, ex: planaria, tapeworm |
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| an example of a platyhelminthe flatworm very often used in high school scientific experiments |
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| invertebrate animal phylum of round worms, ex: C. elegans |
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| land plants with no seeds, flowers or vascular system; reproduce with spores; ex: moss |
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| plants with vascular systems (xylem and phloem), but no seeds or flowers, reproduce with spores; ex: fern |
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| land plants that produce seeds contained in a cone; ex: pine tree |
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| land plants that produce flowers, seeds, and fruit |
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