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Biology Semester 2 Flashcards
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164
Biology
9th Grade
05/17/2011

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Term
abiotic factor
Definition
physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem
Term
autotroph
Definition
organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
Term
biogeochemical cycle
Definition
process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
Term
biomass
Definition
total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
Term
biome
Definition
group of ecosystmes that share similar climates and typical organisms
Term
bioshphere
Definition
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Term
biotic factor
Definition
any living part of the environment with which an organsism might interact
Term
carnivore
Definition
organism that obtains energy by eating animals
Term
chemosynthesis
Definition
process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydtrates
Term
community
Definition
assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area
Term
consumer
Definition
organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph
Term
decomposer
Definition
organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
Term
denitrification
Definition
process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas
Term
detrivore
Definition
organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
Term
ecological pyramid
Definition
illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web
Term
ecology
Definition
scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
Term
ecosystem
Definition
all the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment
Term
food chain
Definition
series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Term
food web
Definition
network of comples interactions formed bye the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
Term
herbivore
Definition
organism that obtains energy by eating only plants
Term
heterotroph
Definition
organism that obtains energy by eating only plants
Term
limiting nutrient
Definition
single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem
Term
nitrogen fixing
Definition
process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compunds that plants can absorb and use
Term
nutrient
Definition
chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life
Term
omnivore
Definition
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dixide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
Term
phytoplankton
Definition
photosyntheic algae found near the surface of the ocean
Term
population
Definition
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Term
primary producer
Definition
first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
Term
scavenger
Definition
animal that consumes the carcasses of other animals
Term
species
Definition
a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Term
trophic level
Definition
each step in a food chain or food web
Term
zooplankton
Definition
small free-floating animals that form part of plankton
Term
aphotic zone
Definition
dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone where sunlight does not penetrate
Term
benthos
Definition
organisms that live attached to or near the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans
Term
canopy
Definition
dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain forest trees
Term
climate
Definition
average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time
Term
commensalism
Definition
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Term
competitive exlusion principle
Definition
principle that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
Term
coniferous
Definition
term used to refer to trees that produce seedbearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles
Term
deciduous
Definition
term used to refer to a type of tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year
Term
ecological succession
Definition
series of gradual changes that occure in a community following a disturbance
Term
estuary
Definition
kind of wetland formed where a river meets the ocean
Term
greenhouse effect
Definition
process in which certain gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) trap sunlight energy in Earth's atmosphere as heat
Term
habitat
Definition
area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abitotic factors that affect it.
Term
herbivory
Definition
interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (plants)
Term
humus
Definition
material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter
Term
keystone species
Definition
single species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community
Term
mutualism
Definition
symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
Term
commensalism
Definition
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Term
parasitism
Definition
symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it
Term
microclimate
Definition
environmental conditions whithin a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area
Term
niche
Definition
full range of physical and biological consitions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organsim uses those conditions
Term
permafrost
Definition
layer of permanently frozen subsoil found in the tundra
Term
photic zone
Definition
sunlight region near the surface of water
Term
pioneer species
Definition
first species to populate an area during succession
Term
predation
Definition
interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and feeds on another organism (the prey)
Term
predator
Definition
animal that is hunting prey for food
Term
prey
Definition
organism that is being hunted for food by a predator
Term
primary succession
Definition
succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present
Term
resource
Definition
any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space
Term
secondary succession
Definition
type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances
Term
symbiosis
Definition
relationship in which two species live close together
Term
tiaga
Definition
biome with long cold winters and a few months of warm weather; dominated by coniferous evergreens; also called boreal forest
Term
tolerance
Definition
ability of an organism to survive and reproduce under circumstances that differ from their optimal conditions
Term
understory
Definition
layer in a rain forest found underneath the canopy formed by shorter trees and vines
Term
weather
Definition
day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, indluing temperature, precipitation, and other factors
Term
wetland
Definition
ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is presnt at or near the surface for at least part of the year
Term
tropical rain forest
Definition
Term
desert
Definition
Term
temperate grassland
Definition
Term
temperate woodland and shrubland
Definition
Term
temperate forest
Definition
Term
northwetern coniferous forest
Definition
Term
tundra
Definition
Term
density-dependent limiting factors
Definition
limiting factor that depends on population density
Term
density-independent limiting factors
Definition
limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population density
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.
Term
genus
Definition
group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
Term
systematic
Definition
study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organsism
Term
taxon
Definition
group or level of organization into which organisms are classified
Term
domain
Definition
larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom
Term
kingdom
Definition
largest and most inclusive group in classification
Term
phylum
Definition
in classification; a group of closely realated classes
Term
class
Definition
in classification; a group of closely related orders
Term
order
Definition
in classification;a group of losely related families
Term
family
Definition
in classification; group of similar genera
Term
genus
Definition
group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
Term
species
Definition
a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Term
monophyletic group
Definition
group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its de
Term
clade
Definition
evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its decendants
Term
derived character
Definition
trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members
Term
bacteria
Definition
domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan; corresponds to the kingdom eubacteria
Term
archaea
Definition
domain consisting of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan; corresponds to the kingdom Archeabacteria
Term
eukarya
Definition
domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus: includes protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Term
eubacteria
Definition
a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella
Term
archaebacteria
Definition
Term
"protista"
Definition
Term
fungi
Definition
Term
plantae
Definition
Term
animalia
Definition
Term
prokaryote
Definition
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
Term
bacillus
Definition
rod-shaped prokaryote
Term
coccus
Definition
shpherical prokaryote
Term
spirillum
Definition
spiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote
Term
endospore
Definition
structure produced by prokaryotes in unfavorable conditions; a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm
Term
conjugation
Definition
process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
life cycle that has wo alternating phases-a haploid (N) phase and diploid (2N) phase
Term
angiosperm
Definition
group of seed plants that bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed; also called flowering plant
Term
antheridium
Definition
male reproductive structure in some plants that produces sperm
Term
archegonium
Definition
structure in plants that produces egg cells
Term
bryophyte
Definition
group of plants that have specialized reproductive organs but lack vascular tissue; includes mosses and their relatives
Term
cotyledons
Definition
first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant
Term
dicot
Definition
angiosperm with two seed leaves in its ovary
Term
fruit
Definition
structure in angiosperms that contains one or more matured ovaries
Term
gametophyte
Definition
gamete-producing plant; multicellular haploid phase of a plant life cycle
Term
gymnosperm
Definition
group of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones
Term
herbaceous plant
Definition
type of plant that has smooth and nonwoody stems; includes dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers
Term
monocot
Definition
angiosperm with one seed leaf in its ovary
Term
ovary
Definition
in plants, the structure that surrounds and protects seeds
Term
ovule
Definition
structure in seed cones in which the female gametophytes develop
Term
phloem
Definition
specialized vascular tissue that transports food throughout the plant
Term
pollen grain
Definition
structure that contains the entire male gametophyte in seed plants
Term
pollen tube
Definition
structure in a plant that contains two haploid sperm nuclei
Term
pollination
Definition
transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure
Term
seed
Definition
plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering
Term
seed coat
Definition
tough covering that surrounds and protects the plant embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out
Term
sporangium
Definition
spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis
Term
sporophyte
Definition
spore-producing plant; the multicellular diploid phase of a plant life cycle
Term
tracheid
Definition
type of cell which forms lignin tubes that carry water and food throughout the plant
Term
tracheophyte
Definition
group of all plants with vascular tubes
Term
vascular tissue
Definition
specialezed plant tissue made oflignin which forms tubes to carry water and food
Term
woody plant
Definition
plant with a bark like structure as it's outer layer
Term
xylem
Definition
specialized vascular tissue that transports water throughout the plant
Term
virus
Definition
particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells
Term
capsid
Definition
protein coat surrounding a virus
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
kind of virus that infects bacteria
Term
lytic infection
Definition
type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causees the cell to burst
Term
lysogenic infection
Definition
type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA
Term
prophage
Definition
first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible
Term
retrovirus
Definition
RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information
Term
pathogen
Definition
disease-causing agent
Term
vaccine
Definition
preparation of weakened, or a similar but less dangerous, pathogen to produce immunity
Term
antibiotic
Definition
group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens
Term
emerging disease
Definition
disease that appears in the population for the first time, or an old disease that suddenly become harder to control
Term
prion
Definition
protein praticles that cause disease
Term
infectious disease
Definition
disease caused by microorganism that disrupts normal body functions
Term
germ theory of disease
Definition
idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms
Term
koch's postulates
Definition
set of guidelines developed by Koach that helps identify the microorganism that causes a specific disease
Term
zoonosis
Definition
disease transmitted from animal to human
Term
vector
Definition
animal that transports a pathogen to a human
Term
(organisms) hosts
Definition
organism that harbors a parasite
Term
staphylo (bacillus)
Definition
grows in clusters; rod shaped
Term
strepto (coccus)
Definition
twisted chain; spherical shaped
Term
antibody
Definition
protein that either attacks antigens directly or produces antigen-binding proteins
Term
hantavirus
Definition
disease spread by rodents that is similar to the flu
Term
hypothesis
Definition
possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
Term
independent variable
Definition
factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called manipulated variable
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable; also called the responding variable
Term
constants
Definition
things that are kept the same for all / experiments
Term
mean
Definition
if you don't know what a mean is then you're stupid.
Term
significant figures
Definition
i don't feel like looking for a definition so find it yourself lazy asses.
Term
effluent
Definition
an outflowing of water or gas from a natural body of water, or from a human-made structure
Term
pH
Definition
a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
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