Term
what are the
properties of
living organisms
(Mrs Nerg) |
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Definition
Movement,
respiration, excretion,
nutrition, excretion,
reproduction and
growth |
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Term
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Definition
| an organelle which contains the genetic material that controls the cells activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane on the outer surface of the cell that controlls what goes in and out |
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Term
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Definition
| a gel like substance where most of the cells chemical reactions happen, it contains enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| the place where photosynthesis happens |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure made of cellulose which surrounds the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a large organelle that contains cell sap which helps to support the cell |
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Term
| what is a specialized cell and an example |
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Definition
| a cell which is specialized to carry out a specific function for example red blood cells in humans are specialized for carrying oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of tissues that work together to perform a function |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organs that do a specific job |
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Term
| what is the order of organisation |
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Definition
| Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| protoctist description (three points) |
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Definition
These are single celled and microscopic
some have chloroplasts and are similar to plant cells
others are more like animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
chlorella (plant cell like)
Amoeba (animal cell like) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe bacteria (five points) |
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Definition
these are single celled and microscopic
they don't have a nucleus
they have a circular chromosome of DNA
some can photosynthesise
most feed of other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
lactobacillus bulgaricus
pneumococcus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| virus description (5 points) |
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Definition
These are particles rather than cells and are smaller than bacteria
They can only reproduce inside living cells (parasites)
They infect all types of living organisims
they come in many different shapes and sizes
they dont have a cellular structure, just have a protein coat around some genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
Influenza virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens are organisms that cause disease e.g malaria, pneumonia and HIV |
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Term
| plants description (4 terms) |
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Definition
plants are multicellular
they have chloroplasts so they can photosynthesise
they have cellulose cell walls
they can store carbohydrates as sucrose or starch |
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Term
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Definition
cereals e.g. maize
herbaceous legumes e.g. peas and beans |
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Term
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Definition
animals are multicellular
they dont have chloroplasts and they cant photosynthesise
their cells dont have cell walls
most have nervous coordination so they can respond to changes in the environment
they can move from one place to another
they can store carbohydrate in the form of glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
mammals e.g. humans
insects e.g. houseflies |
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Term
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Definition
Some are single celled
others have a body called on mycelium which is made up of hyphae which contains lots of nuclei
Can't photosynthesise
The cells have cell walls made of chitin
Most fead by saprotrophic nutrition which is they secrete extracellular enzymes into the area outside the body to dissolve their food so they can absorb the nutrients.
they can store carbohydrate as glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| use of stem cells advantages (3) |
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Definition
It provides medical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning and regenerative medicine.
It provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to a variety of diseases including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, spinal cord injuries, diabetes and many more.
Limbs and organs could be grown in a lab from stem cells and then used in transplants or to help treat illnesses. |
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Term
| use of stem cells disadvantages (3) |
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Definition
Like any other new technology, it is also completely unknown what the long-term effects of such an interference with nature could materialize.
Embryonic stem cells may not be the solution for all ailments.
According to a new research, stem cell therapy was used on heart disease patients. It was found that it can make their coronary arteries narrower. |
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Term
| what is diffusion with an example |
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Definition
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
an example is when the smell of perfume diffuses through a room |
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Term
| what is osmosis and an example |
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Definition
osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to region of low water concentration
an example is when water moves into and out of cells |
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Term
| what Is active transport and an example |
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Definition
| Active transport is the movement of particles against a concentration gradient for example from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy released during respiration |
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Term
| Label this diagram of the lungs [image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the thorax is the top part of your body |
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Term
| How is the thorax separated from the lower part of the body |
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Definition
| It's separated from the lower part of the body by the diaphragm |
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Term
| What are the lungs and what are they protected and surrounded by |
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Definition
the lungs are like big pink sponges
they are protected by the rib cage
they're surrounded by the plural membranes |
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Term
| describe the journey of the air |
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Definition
The air that you breathe and go through the trachea this splits into two tubes called Bronchi
each one is a bronchus one going to each lung
the bronchi split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles
bronchioles end up at small bags called alveoli where the gas exchange takes place |
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Term
| label this diagram about breathing in[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| label this diagram about breathing out[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| what Is the test to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate |
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Definition
First you sit still for five minutes
then for one minute count the number of breaths you take
now do 4 minutes of exercise
as soon as you stop count your breath for a minute |
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Term
| label this diagram about gas exchange from the alveoli to the blood capillary[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| label this diagram about gas exchange from the blood capillary to the body cells[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| label this diagram about the alveoli[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| name 5 facts about the alveoli |
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Definition
the huge number microscopic alveoli gives the lungs an enormous surface area
There is a moist lining for gases dissolve in
The alveoli have very thin walls only one cell thick so the gas doesn't have far to diffuse
They have a great blood supply to maintain a high concentration gradient
The walls are permeable so gases can diffuse across easily |
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Term
| label this diagram about the cilia and mucus[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st reason why smoking is bad |
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Definition
| Smoking damages the walls inside the alveoli reducing the surface area for gas exchange and leading to diseases like emphysema |
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Term
| 2nd reason why smoking is bad |
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Definition
| the tar in cigarettes damages the cilia (little hairs) in your lungs and trachea. these hairs along with mucus catch a load of dust and bacteria before they reach the lungs. this cilia also help keep the tear clear by sweeping mucus back towards the mouth and when the cilia are damaged chest infections are more likely |
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Term
| 3rd reason why smoking is bad |
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Definition
| Tar also irritates the bronchi and bronchioles, encouraging mucus to be produced which can't be cleared very well by damaged cilia this causes smokers cough and chronic bronchiolitis |
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Term
| 4th reason why smoking is bad |
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Definition
| The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry to make up for this the heart rate increases which leads to an increase in blood pressure, high blood pressure damages the artery walls making the formation of blood blood clots more likely, this increases the risk of coronary heart disease e.g. heart attacks |
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Term
| Fifth reason why smoking is bad |
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Definition
| Tobacco smoke also contains carcinogens which are chemicals that can lead to cancer |
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Term
| How do you test for starch |
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Definition
Put some starch solution in a test tube
add a few drops of iodine solution
it should turn blue black in presence of starch |
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Term
| How do you test for glucose |
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Definition
Put some glucose solution into a test tube
add a few drops of Benedict's solution
put the test-tube in a beaker of boiling water
it should go blue then green then brown/orange |
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Term
| How do you test for protein |
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Definition
Put some protein solution into a test tube
add a few drops of copper sulphate solution
add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution
it should go blue/violet if contains protein |
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Term
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Definition
Add 2 cm³ of ethanol to some cooking oil
then add 2 cm³ of water and shake again
if it contained fat it would go milky white |
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Term
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Definition
They are all proteins
each enzyme controls one particular reaction
they can be used again and again
they are affected by temperature
they are affected by pH |
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Term
| Label this diagram about enzymes[image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A balanced diet should include appropriate proportions of what |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Pasta, rice, sugar
provide energy |
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Term
| Lipids (flats in oils) are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Meat, fish
Needed for growth and repair of tissues and to provide energy in emergencies |
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Term
| vitamin a are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Liver
Helps to improve vision and keep your skin and hair healthy |
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Term
| vitamin c are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Oranges
needed to prevent scurvy |
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Term
| vitamin d are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Eggs
needed for calcium absorption |
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Term
| calcium are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Milk, cheese
needed to make bones and teeth |
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Term
| iron are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Red meat
needed to make haemoglobin for healthy blood |
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Term
| fibre are found in what and what is their function |
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Definition
Wholemeal bread
aids the moment of food through the gut |
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Term
| label this diagram about the alimentary canal [image] |
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Definition
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Term
| label this diagram about peristalsis [image] |
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Definition
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Term
| how is a small intestine adapted for absorption |
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Definition
its very long, so there is time to break down and absorb all the food before it reaches the end
there is a really big surface area for absorption, because the walls of the small intestine are covered in millions of tiny little hairs called villi.
each cell on the surface of a villus also has its own microvilli
villi have a single permeable layer of surface cells and a very good blood supply to assist quick absorption |
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Term
| look and label this diagram [image] |
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Definition
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Term
| how are plants adopted for insect pollination |
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Definition
They have brightly coloured petals to attract insects
they also have scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
they make big sticky pollen grains, that stick to insects as they go from plant plant
The stigma is also sticky so that any pollen picked up by insects on other plants will stick to the stigma |
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Term
| How are plants adapted to wind pollination |
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Definition
Small dull petals on the flower because they don't need to attract insects
no nectaries or strong scents for the same reason
A lot of pollen grains are small and light so they can easily be carried by the wind
long filaments that hang the anthers outside the flower so that a lot of the pollen gets blown away by the wind
a large and feathery stigma to catch pollen as it carried by the wind the stigma often hangs outside the flower too |
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Term
| how does a strawberry plant reproduce asexually |
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Definition
| Parents strawberry plant sends out runners which are fast-growing stems that grow out sideways just above the ground the runners take route at various points and new plants start to grow the new plants are clones of the parent strawberry plant so there is no new genetic variation between them |
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Term
| We clone plants using artificial methods |
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Definition
Gardeners can take cuttings from the parent plant and then plant them to produce clones of the parent plant
these plants can be produced quickly and cheaply |
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Term
| the process of fertilisation (4 points) |
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Definition
a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower usually with help from insects or the wind
a pollen tube grows out of the pollen grain and down through the style to the ovary
a nucleus from the male gametes moves down the tube to join with a female gamete in the ovary. fertilisation is when the two nuclei fuse together to make a zygote this divides by mitosis to form an embryo
each fertilised female forms a seed. the ovary develops into a fruit around the seed |
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Term
| what does a plant need for germination (3) |
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Definition
water to activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seed
oxygen for respiration which provides energy for growth
A suitable temperature for the enzymes inside the seed to work this depends on what type of seed it is |
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Term
| fill in the gaps on this germination diagram[image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose which happens constantly in every living cell |
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Term
| aerobic respiration word and chemical equation |
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Definition
Glucose + oxygen makes carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Term
Anaerobic respiration in humans word equation
in plants word equation |
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Definition
glucose makes lactic acid + energy
glucose makes ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy |
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Term
| Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and what are they |
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Definition
Aerobic is with oxygen and is the most efficient way to release energy
Anaerobic is without oxygen and is not the best way to convert glucose into energy because it releases much less energy. it partially breaks down the glucose and makes lactic acid the lactic acid builds up in the muscles and it gets painful and leads to cramp |
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Term
| the test for energy content in food |
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Definition
weigh a piece of food , burn it in water, find out the temperature of it and weigh it again
Then do 20 x water temperature rise x 4.2 then divide it by 1000
then to get kj per 100g do the answer of the last equation divided by the mass loss and times it by 100 |
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Term
| investigate the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from suitable living organisms test |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis word and chemical equation |
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Definition
Carbon dioxide + water makes (with light energy) glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O makes (with light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
| what factors affect photosynthesis |
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Definition
Temperature
light intensity (strength)
Wavelength (colour)
Carbon dioxide concentration
Surface area of leaves |
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Term
| test showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant |
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Definition
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Term
| label this leaf diagram[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| how to test a leaf for chlorophyll |
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Definition
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Term
| How to test a plant for C02 |
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Definition
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