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Biology Practical 2
lab 6-7 and lab 10-11
35
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/25/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Osculum
Definition
large opening to the body at one end, water flows through here, sponges can have more than one osculum
Term
Spongocoel
Definition
Spongocoel (central cavity)- channel for water
Term
Collar Cell (choanocyte)
Definition

 

-Collar cell (choanocyte)- line the inner cavity of the sponge, have a sticky, funnel-shaped collar (that collects food particles) and a flagellum (which whips around, moving water)

 

Term
radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry
Definition

radial= no true right or left

bilateral= right and left side

Term
Phylum Ctenophora
Definition

 

Phylum Ctenophora

Distinguishing characteristics:

Radial symmetry

Free-swimming marine animals

Carnivores – consume plankton or other ctenophores

Unique light scattering along rows of beating cilia, and many are also bioluminescent

 

Term
cnidaria
Definition

Distinguishing characteristics:

Radial symmetry
Sessile (polyp) or free-swimming (medusa)
Cnidocytes
Carnivores – trap prey in tentacles
Some corals also have symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates that live in their tissues
Exhibit sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction

Term
poly vs. medusa
Definition

cnidaria

 

 

Polyp is the sessile, or nonmotile, body form and is anchored to the floor on its aboral side.  Ex. Sea anemone

Medusa is the free-living body form.  Ex. jellyfish

 

Term
cnidaria: tissues
Definition
-Have tissue grade of organization…tissues are present, but no complex organs - mainly simple nervous and contractile tissues
Term
cnidaria:
layers of cells
Definition

 

2 layers of cells - have epidermis, then gelatinous layer called mesoglea, then endodermis/gastrodermis.  The nervous and contractile tissues are found on one or both of the dermis layers.

 

Term
Gastrovascular cavity:
Definition

cnidaria

food is digested here in a process called extracellular digestion but can also be drawn into gastrodermal cells to be intracellularly digested

Term
cnidocytes
Definition

cnidaria

specialized cell for defense/prey capture/locomotion – may contain a nematocyst (the stinging organelle)

Term
where is cnidaria's is food usually digested
Definition
gastrovascualr cavity
Term
cnidaria:
specialized cells for locomotion/ capturing prey
Definition
cnidocytes
Term
cnidaria:
Nematocyst
Definition

Nematocyst – stinging organelle found in some cnidocytes

Stinging Nematocyst - when triggered is activated, barbed thread springs out, punctures prey, and injects a toxin – happens superfast in terms of both time and speed –

Usually needs a chemical signal in addition to mechanical, so doesn’t accidentally activate nematocyst when hits a rock or another of their own tentacles – once used has to be replaced, so is advantageous to not use it if you don’t have to

Other cnidocytes may contain similar nematocysts that are used to entangle prey or stick to prey or adhere to substrates – there are at least 28 different types!

Term
cnidaria:
stinging organelle found in some cnidocytes?
Definition

Nematocyst

 

Stinging Nematocyst - when triggered is activated, barbed thread springs out, punctures prey, and injects a toxin – happens superfast in terms of both time and speed –

Usually needs a chemical signal in addition to mechanical, so doesn’t accidentally activate nematocyst when hits a rock or another of their own tentacles – once used has to be replaced, so is advantageous to not use it if you don’t have to

Other cnidocytes may contain similar nematocysts that are used to entangle prey or stick to prey or adhere to substrates – there are at least 28 different types!

 

Term
Phylum Cnidaria: class hydrozoa
Definition

 

Class Hydrozoa
Most marine, a few freshwater
Both polyp and medusa stages of lifecycle
Polyp stage may be colonial

–  Hydras, Portugese man-of-war

 

Term
phylum cnidaria: class scyphozoa
Definition

 

Class Scyphozoa
All marine
Mostly medusas – polyp stage of lifecycle is reduced or absent
Jellyfish, sea nettles

 

Term
phylum cnidaria: class anthozoa
Definition

 

Class Anthozoa
All marine
All polyps –no medusa stage
May be colonial
Sea anemones, sea fans,

-(doesnt have alternation of generations)

  most corals

 

"AMP"

 

Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Definition

Distinguishing characteristics:
Dorsoventrally flattened, unsegmented body
May be parasitic or free-living


Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
Class Turbellaria
Definition

 

Mostly free-living
Most marine, a few freshwater, some terrestrial in moist areas
Body surface ciliated
Planaria

 

Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
Class Trematoda
Definition

 

Parasites
1-2 suckers attach to host
Flukes

Trematoda: Flukes -Also simultaneous hermaphrodites

Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
Class Cestoda
Definition

No head or digestive system
body is covered with microvilli to increase surface area
Scolex attaches to host
Body very long, “segmented” into reproductive units called proglottids
Tapeworms

Term
Phylum Mollusca
Definition

 

Distinguishing characteristics:
Soft-bodied animals with 3-5 main body parts:
Mantle
Visceral mass
Foot
Headmay or may not have a radula – in some is reduced or absent
Shellcalcium-based - in some is reduced or absent
Open circulatory system in all but cephalopods
Reproduce sexually
Life cycle of many includes a trochophore larva (Bivalves, Polyplacophora),but some do not (Gastropoda, Cephalopoda)

This phylum contains thousands of species in many diverse habitats.

Most are marine, but some live in freshwater or on land.

4 shared characteristics:

1.Hard external shell for protection
2. Mantle that secretes the shell
3. Visceral mass in which most organs are located
4.Muscular foot for locomotion

Benthic = sits around on the bottom, moves slowly

Trochophore lar

 

Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Gastropoda
Definition

Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
Coiled shell & a well-developed head with radula
Slugs and nudibranchs have lost shell
Feeding strategies of all types – herbivores, carnivores, detritivores/scavengers, filter feeders
Snails, land slugs, sea slugs, whelks, conchs

Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Polyplacophora
Definition

Marine
Dorsal shell = 8 overlapping plates
Thick girdle formed from the mantle surrounds plates
Radula but no head
Omnivores
Chitons

Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Bivalvia
Definition


Marine and freshwater
Laterally compressed body, flattened shell with two valves, no head or radula
Some sessile, some burrowers, but a few can move by “flapping” shells together
Mollusks like clams use foot to burrow into sediment, leaving only siphons at water/sediment interface
Sessile mollusks like oysters have a very reduced foot
Most are filter feeders, using ciliated gills to capture food
Clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Cephalopoda
Definition

All marine, all carnivores
Head with a chitinous beak, which may or may not have a radula
Foot is modified into arms and/or tentacles
Shell external, internal, or absent
Closed circulatory system
Most complex brain of any invertebrate
Highly developed eye
Chromatophores in skin
Can squirt ink as escape mechanism
Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus

Term
Phylum Annelida
Definition

 

Distinguishing characteristics:
Segmented body
Closed circulatory system
Chaetae (aka setae)
May reproduce sexually or asexually (fission)

Many free-living species are extremely important in reworking the soil and sediment – increases productivity

Parapodia – fleshy outgrowths from each segment

Chaeta/Setae – chitinous bristles at end of parapodia

 

Term
Parapodia
Definition

phylum annelida

Parapodia – fleshy outgrowths from each segment

Term
chaeta
Definition

phylum annelida

Chaeta/Setae – chitinous bristles at end of parapodia

Term
Phylum Annelida:
Class Polychaeta
Definition

Mostly free-living marine species
Comprise most of the diversity of annelids
Well-developed head
 Each segment has pair of unjointed fleshy appendages called parapodia , each of which has chaetae at the tip
Separate sexes
Trochophore larva is earliest stage, then it starts developing its segments one at a time
Clamworms, some tubeworms, featherworms, sea mice, fire worms, Christmas tree worms

Term
Phylum Annelida: trochophore?
Definition
Trochophore larva is earliest stage, then it starts developing its segments one at a time
Term
[image]
Definition

Phylum “Porifera

Distinguishing characteristics:

No true tissues
Asymmetrical body plan
Sessile as adults
Collar cells/ choanocytes
Suspension feeders

Term
[image]
Definition

Phylum “Porifera

Distinguishing characteristics:

No true tissues
Asymmetrical body plan
Sessile as adults
Collar cells/ choanocytes
Suspension feeders

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