1. Ceullar contents between plasma membrane and the nucleus

2. Includes cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

1. Strengthens the membrane

2. Stablizes the membrane against temperature extremes 

1. Not embedded in lipid bilayer

2. Attach loosely to surfaces of the membrane  

1. Regulate movement of substances across membrane 

eg channels, carriers and pumps

bind ligand molecules

eg. neurotransmitters and hormones

Communicate to other cells

e.g. immume system cells distinugishing cells from foreign cells 

Requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins

1. Small polar molecules assited across membrane by career protein

2. Binding of substance casues a change in carrier protein shape

3. Move substances down their gradient

1. 3 Na pumped out for 2 pumped in

2. Maintains steep membrane gradient 

1. Moves substance against concentration gradient

2. Indirect use of energy to move a second substance down gradient 

1. Occurs when cell engulfs large particle external to cells

2. Forms pseudopodia (Large Extensions)

1. Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins

Serve in detoxification

Most abundant in liver

Time between cell division

Cell spends greatest time in this phase

1. Growth and production of new organelles 

2. Continue normal metholic activities 

1. DNA Replicated 

2. Duplicated choromes appar as sister chromatids

1. Brief Phase

2. Centriole replication completed

3. Orangelle production ongoing 

4. Enzymes for cell division synthesized