Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology of Parasitoids: Part 1
part of Module 2: Parasitoids and Predators
59
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
02/01/2017

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Biological Control
Definition
The action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism’s population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence
Term
the effect of a parasitoid on its host
Definition
Kills host
Term
the effect of a parasite on its host
Definition
Host lives
Term
the effect of a predator on its host
Definition
Kills prey
Term
size of parasitoid relative to its host
Definition
large
Term
size of parasite relative to its host
Definition
small
Term
size of predator relative to its host
Definition
large
Term
number of host a parasitoid has
Definition
1
Term
number of host a parasite has
Definition
1 to a few
Term
number of host a predator has
Definition
many
Term
location of immature parasitoids
Definition
In/on host
Term
location of immature parasites
Definition
In/on host
Term
location of immature predators
Definition
Free-living
Term
where immature parasitoids get their nutrition
Definition
host
Term
where immature parasites get their nutrition
Definition
host
Term
where immature predators get their nutrition
Definition
prey
Term
location of adults parasitoids
Definition
Free-living
Term
location of adults parasites
Definition
in/on host
Term
location of adults predators
Definition
Free-living
Term
where adult parasitoids get their nutrition
Definition
Host fluids, Carbs
Term
where adult parasites get their nutrition
Definition
Host material
Term
where adult predators get their nutrition
Definition
Various
Term
some orders parasitoids can be found in and some details about each
Definition
-Hymenoptera: Numerous families; largest group of parasitoids; most important group
-Diptera: Various families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae)
-Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing parasite*
-Coleoptera: Meloidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae
-Neuroptera: Mantispidae*
Term
some details about the order Hymenoptera
Definition
-Bees, ants wasps
-Numerous families
-largest group of parasitoids
-most important group
-contains the largest number of parasitoids
-most important in biological control of the parasitoids, at least numerically
-This is a very large order both taxonomically and biologically, with very diverse organisms that comprise bees, ants, and wasps
Term
some details about the order Diptera
Definition
-Flies
-Various families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae)
-in Georgia in the southeastern United States in general, in the past few years parasitoids in the family Phoridae have become quite notorious; within this family, several species of fly have been released in the region for biological control of the fire ant; these are the so-called decapitating flies
Term
2 families within the order Diptera that are especially well represented by parasitoids
Definition
-Tachinidae
-Sarcophagidae
Term
some details about the order Strepsiptera
Definition
-Twisted-wing parasite
-a small one that is entirely made up of parasitoid, although some are closer to being true parasites
-relatively small order of just a few hundred species, but they are very odd parasitoids
-They attack bees, wasps, various leaf hoppers and plant hoppers, and a few other species
-Females are wingless and live their lives inside the host, typically protruding from the host body as they mature and become fully reproductive
-Adults, on the other hand, emerge from the host with wings and are quite bizarre looking
-The females produce a large number of offspring, in the form of functional larvae rather than eggs. These larvae are referred to as triungulins, and they actively leave the mother’s body and search out new hosts
Term
some details about the order Coleoptera
Definition
-contains beetles in the families Meloidae, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae
-Among the beetles there are several families that have representatives with parasitoid lifestyles. One that has been used in biological control programs is a subfamily in the family Carabidae, the subfamily Lebiinae, which includes beetles that are parasitoids of leaf beetles, including the Colorado potato beetle.
-An interesting group of parasitoids is found in the family Meloidae, which are commonly known as the blister beetles.
-The adults of all species are known to be plant feeders, whereas larvae are either parasitic or predaceous. The parasitoids attack ground-nesting bees.
-The eggs are typically laid on the ground, and the larvae are active triungulins that go hunting for hosts, or bait the hosts, as the cluster of triungulins shown here is mimicking a bee and when a male becomes to mate with it, instead finds himself crawling with triungulins that he carries back to the nest.
Term
some details about the order Neuroptera
Definition
-sometimes included among the parasitoids
-has a single family exhibiting such behavior (Mantispidae)
Term
some details about the family Mantispidae
Definition
-Mantispidae are fairly specialized on spider egg cases.
-The female lays masses of eggs as shown here on the stem, in the newly hatched larvae make their way to spider a cases.
-They enter the egg case before molting to the next life stage, which has reduced legs.
-They spend their entire immature life in the host egg case.
-The close relationship of Mantispidae with spiders, and specialized larval stages for survival in the host egg case have suggested to some that they should be classified as parasitoids.
-Others have argued that they are essentially specialized predators because each immature mantispid must consume multiple prey to complete its development.
Term
depiction of parasitoids related to trophic levels
Definition
[image]

We typically have a basal host that is an herbivore. This herbivore is attacked by a primary parasitoid. But primary parasitoids can themselves be attacked by parasitoids which can be referred to as secondary parasitoids. These in turn on occasion may be attacked by another trophic level of parasitoids, which are termed tertiary parasitoids.
Term
Cleptoparasitoid
Definition
Parasitizes host previously parasitized by another parasitoid species; displaces previous parasitoid
Term
Hyperparasitoid
Definition
Develops in or on life stages of another parasitoid; may be secondary or tertiary parasitoids, and may be facultative or obligate
Term
Monophagous
Definition
Restricted to single species, genus, or family
Term
Oligophagous
Definition
Subjective term; typically means that the parasitoid has a limited host range but is not tightly restricted to just one or a few species
Term
Polyphagous
Definition
Attacks variety of host taxa (usually multiple families or orders)
Term
Diphagous
Definition
Male on one host, female on another
Term
endoparasitoids
Definition
develop on the inside of the host
Term
ectoparasitoids
Definition
develop on the outside of the host
Term
Solitary parasitoids
Definition
develop individually within the host
Term
gregarious parasitoids
Definition
develop in groups within a host
Term
monoembryonic
Definition
a single egg yields a single embryo

this is characteristic of most parasitoids
Term
polyembryonic
Definition
multiple embryos are produced by single egg
Term
classes of parasitoids based on the host stage utilized
Definition
-egg parasitoid
-larval parasitoid
-egg-larval parasitoid
Term
egg parasitoids
Definition
lay their eggs inside of host eggs, and complete the development inside the egg
Term
Larval parasitoids
Definition
develop entirely within the host larvae
Term
egg-larval parasitoids
Definition
I think this refers to parasitoids capable of spanning multiple life stages
Term
parthenogenesis
Definition
virgin females are capable of reproducing
Term
some forms of parthenogenesis
Definition
-Arrhenotokous
-Deuterotokous
-Thelytokous
-Adelphoparasitism
Term
Arrhenotokous
Definition
Females arise from fertilized eggs, males from unfertilized

this is the most common form of parthenogenesis
Term
Deuterotokous
Definition
this is another form of parthenogenesis

This is rather vague and it’s unclear if it is a separate classification in reality, or merely a more extreme form of arrhenotokous. In this case, males are produced relatively rarely compared to females.
Term
Thelytokous
Definition
Females arise from unfertilized eggs

this is another form of parthenogenesis, and in this case males are essentially nonexistent, and daughters are produced without fertilization by unmated females

Most cases of this form of sex determination appear to be related to infections of sex modifying bacteria such as Wolbachia.
Term
Adelphoparasitism
Definition
Males (from unfertilized eggs) develop as hyperparasitoids of conspecific (or sometimes other species) females; also referred to as heteronomous parasitoids; Aphelinidae

This refers to an odd form of arrhenotoky where males develop as hyperparasitoids on females of their own or another species. These parasitoids are also referred to as heteronomous parasitoids.
Term
2 classes of effects of paradsitoids on hosts
Definition
-Idiobiont
-Koinobiont
Term
Idiobiont
Definition
Host ceases to feed, grow or metamorphose after parasitism; or non-growing host stages parasitized; makes do

In this case the parasitoid causes the host to stop feeding and growing. In most cases the parasitoid paralyzes its host and the offspring must use the resources that are available at the time of oviposition.
Term
Koinobiont
Definition
After parasitism the host continues to feed, grow, and metamorphose to a certain point, when the host is killed

This refers to parasitoids that allow their host to continue to grow after oviposition. In this case, females allocate offspring to hosts not on the basis of what is currently available, but rather on the basis of what they anticipate becoming available during the lifespan of the offspring. At some point then, the offspring themselves will kill the host.
Term
Cotesia marginiventris
Definition
-Parasitoid of caterpillars
-Responds to plant volatiles
-This is a wasp in the family Braconidae. It has a fairly broad host range within the lepidopteran (moth) family Noctuidae. It attacks young caterpillars, and allows them to continue developing (it is a koinobiont). This parasitoid is native to the United States and is a valuable biological control agent. It is highly responsive to volatile chemical cues, and has been heavily studied for this trait.
Term
[image]
Definition
Cotesia marginiventris
Term
picture of Cotesia marginiventris
Definition
[image]
Supporting users have an ad free experience!