Term
| Why could HM recall old memories from before the surgery but not after and why could he form implicit memories but not explicit, allowing him to improve at the star drawing w/out rememberings it? |
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Definition
The biology of memory:
Memories rely on different systems which all rely on different parts of the brain |
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Term
| Name the 3 Long Term Memory Systems corresponding with Implicit, Emotional, and explicit memories |
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Definition
implicit- cerebellum and striatum
Emotional- amygdala
Explicit- hippocampus |
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Term
| Since HM had his hippocampus removed, and a certain type of memory relies on that, what did he lose? |
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Definition
| couldn't store explicit memories anymore |
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Term
| Where does info of the brain come from? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| from studying ppl w/damage to their brain, impacting generalizability (case studies) and also studying changes in animals |
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Term
| What is the pre frontal cortex (PFC) |
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Definition
front most region of frontal lobes
that plays an important part in attn, appropriate social behavior impulse control, and short term memory
Involved w/retrieval info |
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Term
| What are the sensory cortices? |
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Definition
| receive sensory info from external stimuli and sensory neurons |
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Term
| What are the pathways of STM? |
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Definition
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Term
| If PFC deems environmental info as relevant, sensory memories move- |
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Definition
from PFC to hippocampus
Encoding occurs (1st stage of LTM) |
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Term
| Where is explicit memory stored? |
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Definition
| in the cortex: specific region where original sensation proccessed (continuous retrieval) |
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Term
| Where is implicit memory stored? |
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Definition
subcorticall structures:
-striatum: location of procedural memory for skills and habits
-amygdala- involving in associating particular events w/emotional responses
-cerebellum- also stores implicit memories |
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Term
| What are the brain regions involved in memory autotomically linked with? What does this mean |
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Definition
the brain regions involved with emotions
Emotions (esp. negative) cause attn to focus so more details are noted
Emotional events switch on genes that build proteins responsible for strengthening synaptic connection between neurons |
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Term
| Main regions involved in Emotional memory: |
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Definition
hippocampus and amygdala, structures are next to each other in brain and are very interconnected
Amygdala assigns emotional signifigance to events, especially fear. |
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Term
| What do emotions enhance in memories? |
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Definition
| the vividness and more memory more likely to stick, but they do not improve our accuracy |
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Term
| Is emotional memory accurate? |
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Definition
tend to be less accurate than nonemotional memories
People tend to recall positive events more than negative events when reflecting on life |
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Term
| What area does sleep affect in memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are flash bulb memories? Are they accurate? |
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Definition
detailed, especially memories of very specific highly charged events
(where you were for 9/11)
Not more accurate, details may be relevant or irrelevant (random) |
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Term
| What is post-traumatic stress disorder? (PTSD) |
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Definition
| a person who has experienced extremely traumatic events relives the event over and over. Stress enhances encoding but also impairs retrieval |
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Term
| Effects of stress and memories |
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Definition
| Stress enhances encoding but also impairs retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening or loss of memories over time |
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Term
| What is the forgetting curve? |
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Definition
graph shows how recall steadily declines over time
Developed by Ebbinghaus 1880s |
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Term
| what are the forms of forgetting? |
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Definition
interference
blocking
repression
suggestibility
false memories
amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
disruption of memory bc other info competes with info we are trying to recall
Types:
retroactive and proactive interference |
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Term
| What is retroactive interference? |
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Definition
disruption of memories bc new experiences or info causes people to forget previously leanred info
NEW PUSHES OUT OLD
-can happen if info is recalled immediately after event (forget a persons name after meeting 3 more) |
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Term
| What is proactive interference? |
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Definition
disruption of mem bc prev learned info interfer with learning new ingot
-can't remember new phone number, bc you still remember old phone number
OLD OVERIDES NEW INFO |
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Term
| When does most forgetting occur? |
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Definition
| when we don't pay close attn when we first learn or experience soemthing |
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Term
| What is absentmindedness? |
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Definition
form of forgetting resulting for inattention
Caused by multi-tasking
Increases with age, and the decline is universal across cultures |
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Term
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Definition
inability to retrieve some info once stored.
includes the tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts feelings or impulses out of consciousness
most likely to occur with traumatic experiences |
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Term
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Definition
problem with memory that occurs when memoryies areimplanted in our minds based from someone else or another source
-Demonstrated by the work of elizabeth loftus who studied eye whitness testimonies:
-experiments shows that recal of events is not very accurte and susceptive to suggestions, depend on wording of question |
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Term
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Definition
memories for events that never happened but were suggested by someone
-disneyworld ad and bugs buny
Across 8 studies 31% of ppl created false memories |
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Term
| What are recovered memories? |
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Definition
memories from a real event that were encoded and stored but not retreieved until some later event brings them back to consciousness
-often refers to repressed traumatic events (sex abuse as a child)
Controversial bc of suggestibility |
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Term
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Definition
mem loss due to brain injury or disease
types:
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
the inability to remember events occuring after injury or onset of disease
ex: HM, ppl with Alz, momento movie |
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Term
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Definition
an inability to recal events of experience that happened before the onset of a disease or injury
-car accidents, sports concussions, and advanced alz, bourne movies |
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Term
| what is alzheimers disease? |
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Definition
shrinking of cerebral cortex, cerebrum, hippocampus in advanced alzheimers/
Starts with anterograde amnesia, but as it advances it mmoves to retrograde amnesia.
Genetic, environment provokes it (by having a less active mind) |
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