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| Diagram depicting historical relationships of species |
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| branches stem from a similar ancestor, showing how related certain species are |
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| Shared, derived character |
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| two or more taxa that share similar characteristics but have evolved independently |
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| Who developed the main taxonomy system? |
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| Animalia..Chordata..Mammalia |
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| maintain body heat in all ambient temperatures |
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| Most globally accepted diagnostic feature of mammals? |
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| dentary-squamosal jaw joint |
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| Accepted identifiers of mammals? 5 total besides dentary-squamosal |
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| three middle ear ossicles, complete secondary palete, heterodont dentition, diphyodonty dentition, two occipital condyles (holes in back of head for vertebrae) |
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| Features of post-cranial skeleton in mammals? |
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| no lumbar ribs, limb growth away from joint |
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| nipples, hair, dermal facial musculature, enlarged brain, 4 chambered heart, enucleated red blood cells, muscular diaphragm |
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| boney socket where tooth sits |
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| bulk of tooth, harder than bone, rough texture |
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| coats crown, hardest vertebrate tissue, smooth and shiny |
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| soft cellular tissue that includes blood and nerve supply |
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| bottom and top teeth come together? |
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| crescent shaped ridges parallel to toothrow |
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| cusps form long, straight ridges oriented perpendicular to toothrow |
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| lophodont with high, sharp ridges |
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| stem amniotes 340 mya, could live out of water. specifically therapsids |
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| first mammals well represented in fossil records |
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| platypus, echidnas. lay soft shell eggs, cervical ribs (in neck), extra shoulder and pelvic bones, therapsid posture, edentate. |
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| most primitive marsupial order? |
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| Didelpimorphia (opposums) |
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| marsupials that hop, pointy snouts, compact body |
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| Peramelemorphia (bandicoots & bilibies) |
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| Wombats, Kangaroos, koalas? |
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| Diprotodontia, largest order |
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| Synapomorphies of placentals? |
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| loss of epipubic bones, unique mode of reproduction, large brain, high metabolic rate |
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| rats, mice, single pair of ever growing, self-sharpening incisors, reproduce rapidly. |
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| bats, micro use echolocation and eat insects, mega use vision and eat fruit and nectar |
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| shrews, moles, selenodons, small body, teeth designed to eat insects |
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| antelope, deer, pigs, hippos. 'Even toed ungulates', multi chambered stomach. |
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| rabbits, hares, pikas. second set of upper incisors behind first |
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| whales, dolphins, porpoises. |
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| tenrecs, otter shrews, golden moles. insect feeders |
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| hedgehogs and gymnures. teeth bunodont, quadrate |
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| armadillos. scutes covered with keratin |
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| tree shrews. large prominent eyes, closely related to primates |
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| horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinos. 'odd-toed ungulates' |
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| elephant shrews. hind limbs adapted for leaping, large eyes |
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| anteaters and sloths. large claws |
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| pangolins. covered with keratin scales |
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| manatees and dugongs. aquatic plant eaters |
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| hyraxes. prominant gap between front incisors, rubbery pads on feet |
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| flying lemurs. lower incisors pectinate |
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| aardvark. long, pig like snout, large powerful forelimbs and claws |
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| First mammals were what kind of feeders? |
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| generalized body plan, digestive tract short and simple |
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| specializes in eating ants and termites, most have skin protection, long tongue, sticky saliva |
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| good smell and hearing, backward facing hooks on tongue, digestive tract short and simple |
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| mostly rodentia and lagomorpha, hypsodont, chewing motion forward and backward |
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| Grazing and browsing herbivores |
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| Artiodactyla and perissyodactyla, grazers eat grass and browsers eat young leaves, flowers, and fruits. complex digestion. |
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| rabbits, horses. occurs in cecum, fast but not very efficient |
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| artidactyls. occurs in stomach and cecum, efficient but needs high quality food |
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| sea otter, walrus. cheekteeth are very robust |
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| baleen whale, crabeater seal. |
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| toothed whale, seal, sea lion. fish eaters |
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| bats, others. nectar eaters, teeth reduced or absent, long slender tongue |
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| fruit eaters, mostly megabats. simple teeth |
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| adapted for walking. 5 metacarpals, metatarsals, plantigrade stance, fore limbs and hind limbs equal length and move well in several planes |
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| adapted for leaping. evolved several times independently jump-4 limbs, ricochet-2hind limbs, cervical vertebrae usually fused |
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| Adapted for digging. evolved several times independently, enhanced touch receptors 'vibrissae', emir's organs on nose, some dig with claws, other with incisors |
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| adapted for climbing. long sharp claws, flexible spine, brachiation-swinging arm over arm |
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| evolved independently 3 times, large, forward facing eyes, soft silky fur, patagium-membrane of skin that provides gliding surface |
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| adapted for running. digitigrade, unguligrade, loss/reduction/lengthening (cannon bones) of metacarpals/metatarsals, lateral movement restricted |
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