Term
| Teleosts: >? species in ? families, and are primarily ?water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is Otophysic connection, and what uses it? |
|
Definition
| first five vertebrae (weberian ossicles) connect the gas bladder to the inner ear; teleosts |
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|
Term
| What are the first five vertebrae in teleosts called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How do Teleosts communicate fear? |
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Definition
| Schreckstoff pheromone released from related injury or frightened fish (called fear scent) |
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Term
| Type of circulation present in most fishes? What is the simplistic pathway? |
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Definition
| single pump, single circuit; • Blood flow: Heart-->gills-->body-->heart |
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Term
| Type of circulation present in lungfishes? And what is the simplistic pathway? |
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Definition
partial division of heart;
• Pump to gills and lungs
• Pump to body |
|
|
Term
| Fish hearts have ? chambers, what are they? |
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Definition
1. Sinus Venosus
2. Atrium
3. Ventricle
4. Bulbous Arteriosis |
|
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Term
| In elsamobranchs, what eplaces the bulbous arteriosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Conus arteriosus/ bulbus arteriosus ? |
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Definition
| dampens pulsations of pressure and makes flow more continuous |
|
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Term
| What are the 4 general strategies of achieving neutral buoyancy? |
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Definition
1. Have large amounts of low-density compounds
2. Generate lift while swimming forward
3. Reduce amount of heavy tissues (bones, muscles) and increase water content
4. Have a gas filled space—a swimbladder |
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Term
| How do deep sea fishes bodies conserve energy in an unproductive environment? |
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Definition
| Reduce amount of heavy tissues (bones, muscles) and increase water content |
|
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Term
| What are the 2 blood cell types in fish? and which is more abundant? |
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Definition
| Erythrocytes and Leukocytes; erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What do Leukocytes mainly do? |
|
Definition
| Immunity, clotting, killing pathogens |
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|
Term
| Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95% of the oxygen in blood is bound to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintaining your position in the water column |
|
|
Term
| Structure of a tetramere? |
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Definition
•4 amino acid chain subunits
•Each subunit binds to O2 molecule
•Polymorphic- multiple variations of tetrameric hemoglobins- differing O2 affinity and capacity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of swim bladders? |
|
Definition
| Physostomous and Physoclistous |
|
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Term
| Describe a Physostomous swim bladder |
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Definition
-Connection between the gut and swimbladder (pneumatic duct)
-More ancestral (herrings, salmons, eels, tarpons, catfishes) |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Physoclistous swim bladder? |
|
Definition
-No connection to gut
-Not dependent on surface
-More derived form (2/3 teleosts)
Uses circulatory system for inflation and deflation
-Rete mirabile @ gas gland
-Deflation by diffusion of gases back to blood at oval gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| affinity decreases with increasing acidity or temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly vascularized section of the swimbladder |
|
|
Term
| What happens during deflation at the oval? |
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Definition
| Diffusion of gases back into blood |
|
|
Term
| Why is the rest of the swim bladder highly impermeable? |
|
Definition
| lined with guanine crystals |
|
|
Term
Hb affinity: ?
Hb capacity: ?
Both: change under varying conditions. Specifically what? |
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Definition
| ability to readily bind to O2; total amount of O2 that can be held; pH and temperature |
|
|
Term
| What do the root effect and bohr effect both have in common? |
|
Definition
| Both allow O2 to be released in the tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most fishes are ecothermic, which means |
|
Definition
| source of heat comes from environment |
|
|
Term
| Some fishes are endothermic, which means ? what are some examples of these fish? |
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Definition
| ability to generate and retain own body heat- tunas, mackerel sharks, mackerels, Thresher sharks |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons that skin is important for fish |
|
Definition
- Protective barrier
- Very impermeable
- Contain specialized cells for a variety of functions that are embedded in skin
- Hold the scales |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 most important functions of skin on fish? |
|
Definition
1. Mucus production
2. Chemical communication between fish
3. Derivatives (bad tastes/venom) |
|
|
Term
| How does mucus production aid in protection against predators? |
|
Definition
- Sliming or clogging mouth (hagfish)
- Slipperiness
- Protective cocoon (parrotfishes)
- olfactory shield
- Reduces bites by parasitic crustaceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick, robust, plate-like |
|
|
Term
| Ganoid scales are ? Example of fish with these scales? |
|
Definition
| Large and plate-like, rhomboidal; Gars, Sturgeons, paddlefishes, bichirs, bowfin |
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of bony ridge scales? |
|
Definition
- Thin outer bony layer: organic with calcium phosphate
- Fibrous layer of collagen |
|
|
Term
| In bony ridge scales ? increases flexibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ctenoid scales have comb-like projections that are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bony-ridge scales: cycloid and ctenoid--> example of fish with these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Placoid (dermal denticles): description?found only in ? |
|
Definition
Rectangular base with spine, Structurally same as teeth;
chondrichthyes |
|
|
Term
| Layers of placoid scales? |
|
Definition
Vitrodentine: outer layer of enamel
Dentine: inner layer |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 different types of fish dentition? |
|
Definition
1. Long, slender and sharp
2. Villiform
3. Triangular
4. Caniniform
5. Cardiform
6. Molariform
7. Incisor-like/beak-like |
|
|
Term
| What are long, slender, sharp teeth used for? Example of fish with these teeth. |
|
Definition
| Holding prey; sand tiger, moray goosefish |
|
|
Term
| What are villiform teeth, what are they good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
| Numerous and needle-like; good for capturing and holding on to prey; Gars, needlefish, lizardfish |
|
|
Term
| What are triangular teeth, what are they good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are triangular teeth, what are they good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
| Flat-bladed, triangular; good for cutting prey, can be serrated, often replaceable; white sharks, requiem sharks, piranha |
|
|
Term
| What are triangular teeth, what are they good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
| Flat-bladed, triangular; good for cutting prey, can be serrated, often replaceable; white sharks, requiem sharks, piranha |
|
|
Term
| What are caniniform teeth, what are they good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
| Recurved, connicle, sharp point; good for holding and immobilizing prey; cod, snappers, triggerfish |
|
|
Term
| What are cardiform teeth, what are they good for? |
|
Definition
| Sand-paper like, numerous, small, short, pointy; good for holding prey before swallowing whole |
|
|
Term
| What are molariform teeth, what are they good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
| Plate-like; good for crushing; invertivores, rays |
|
|
Term
| What are incisor-like/beak-like good for, and give an example of a fish that uses these teeth? |
|
Definition
| Good for biting and scraping coral and algae; parrotfishes, triggerfishes, puffers |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 modes of prey capture? |
|
Definition
| Ram-feeding, suction-feeding, manipulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Overtaking prey with mouth open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prey and surrounding water brought toward predator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prey and surrounding water brought toward predator |
|
|
Term
| Suction-feeding is assisted by ______, which helps create suction. Suction-feeders are able to pull prey items up to a distance of ____% of their head length. Suction-feeding helps predator ____? |
|
Definition
| Protrusable jaw; 50; overtake prey quickly |
|
|
Term
| Suction-feeding is assisted by ______, which helps create suction. Suction-feeders are able to pull prey items up to a distance of ____% of their head length. Suction-feeding helps predator ____? |
|
Definition
| Protrusable jaw; 50; overtake prey quickly |
|
|
Term
| What is suction-feeding a function of? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| Function of buccal cavity; creates negative pressure in mouth, water rushes in, water flows out gills, gill rakers and teeth keep prey in. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of teeth to bite, scrape, or grip |
|
|
Term
| Pharyngeal jaws often bare ___ and evolved from _____? What is the simplest role of pharyngeal jaws? |
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Definition
| Teeth; gill arches; help move food down esophagus |
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|
Term
| Dentition type is a reflection of _________. |
|
Definition
| Reflection of feeding ecology and prey type |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 main objectives of the evolutionary role of feeding? |
|
Definition
1. Find and ingest food.
2. Avoid becoming food
3. Reproduce |
|
|
Term
| What does euryphagous mean? |
|
Definition
| Eats various things (omnivorious) |
|
|
Term
| What does stenophagous mean? |
|
Definition
| Only eats few types of prey |
|
|
Term
| What does monophagous mean? |
|
Definition
| Only feeds on ONE exact type of prey |
|
|
Term
| How many families of fish bioluminesce? elsamobranchs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bioluminescence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is autogenic bioluminescence? |
|
Definition
| produced by the fish itself |
|
|
Term
| What is bacterial bioluminescence? |
|
Definition
| light produced by symbiotic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Where does bioluminescence take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is bioluminescence produced? and what does it require? |
|
Definition
| by chemical interaction between luciferen (substrate) and luciferase (enzyme) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Luminous bacteria
2. Autogenic photophores without lens
3. autogenic photophores with lense |
|
|
Term
| Describe how luminous bacteria work |
|
Definition
-nurtured in tubes
- have flaps that cover the photophores bioluminescing |
|
|
Term
| Autogenic photophores without a lense can be with or without ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autogenic photophores with lens acts as a ___ and can produce a certain wavelength of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does shine control do? |
|
Definition
| regulate light fish is emitting |
|
|
Term
| What are the intraspecific functions of bioluminescence? |
|
Definition
1. Mating: courtship display or finding a mate
2. Marking Territory
3. Schooling: aggregating and spacing |
|
|
Term
| what are the interspecific functions of bioluminesence? |
|
Definition
1. Predator avoidance
2. Feeding/predation |
|
|
Term
| List and Describe the 5 methods of predator avoidance using bioluminescence |
|
Definition
1. disorientations- startle/scare predator; flash bulb effect
2. counterillumination- blend in with light from above
3. Decoy- flash and move sacrificial lure or smoke screen
4. burglar alarm- freak out so that a predator of your predator comes and sets you free
5. Warning coloration- bad taste, spines, poison |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 methods of feeding/predation using bioluminescence |
|
Definition
1. Attract prey with artificial lure
2. Attract with body light
3. Stun or confuse prey
4. Illuminate prey
5. Camouflage |
|
|
Term
| How do anglerfish use bioluminescence to attract prey with an artificial lure? |
|
Definition
Elongate dorsal ray (illicium) tipped with lure (esca)
can regenerate this lure |
|
|
Term
| How do predators attract prey with body light? |
|
Definition
| Mimic non-agressive species so curious prey come to check it out |
|
|
Term
| How do predators use bioluminescent camouflage to attract prey? |
|
Definition
| use counter illumination to sneak up on prey |
|
|
Term
| What causes color in fish? |
|
Definition
| pigment cells in dermis called chromatophores |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of chromatophores? |
|
Definition
| Melanophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, iridiophores, leaucophores |
|
|
Term
| What color do Melanophores create? What do they contain? |
|
Definition
| Browns and blacks; contain melanin |
|
|
Term
| What color do xanthophores create? what do they contain? |
|
Definition
| yellow; pteridine pigments |
|
|
Term
| What color do erythrophores create? What do they contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color do iridiophores create? What do they contain? |
|
Definition
| Iridescent shiny blues and greens, guanine crystals (crystalline) |
|
|
Term
| What color do leucophores create? what do they contain? |
|
Definition
| Shiny, mirror-like white; guanine crystals |
|
|
Term
| How does color change occur? |
|
Definition
| change in shape of chromatophore |
|
|
Term
| In counter-shading, why are silvery reflective sides beneficial? |
|
Definition
| they match the surrounding light levels from below |
|
|
Term
| In counter-shading what is being dark on top and not reflective beneficial for? |
|
Definition
| blend in with dark bottoms or dark depths |
|
|
Term
| Bottom of fish: light colored and often as thin as possible. why? |
|
Definition
| maximize reflection below |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Habitat: ?
Color: broken coloration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Habitat: Sandy/benthic
Color: ? |
|
Definition
| grainy coloration, mottled browns |
|
|
Term
Habitat: Moderately deep
Color: ? and why? |
|
Definition
| Red; red light doesn't penetrate deep waters |
|
|
Term
Habitat: Very deep
Color: ? and why? |
|
Definition
| Black; won't reflect bioluminescence |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 reasons that coloration is adaptively significant? |
|
Definition
1. Concealing
2. Warning coloration
3. Batesian mimicry
4. Sexual recognition
5. Aid fish in schooling |
|
|
Term
| What is mullerian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| warning coloration- dangerous fish adapting similar coloration strategies |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of concealing? |
|
Definition
| disruptive coloration- minimizes outline of fish and other features (eyes) |
|
|
Term
| What is batesian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| When a harmless fish looks dangerous |
|
|
Term
| what is the rete mirabile? |
|
Definition
| complex of arteries and veins laying very close to eachother; utlizes countercurrent bloodflow within the net. Fills swim bladder with oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeds on and breaks down dead plant and animal matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal that primarily eats fish |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of sharks having high amounts of sqaulene in their liver? |
|
Definition
| sharks lack a swim bladder- must have high amounts of low-density compounds- squalene lower density than water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical of vertebrates, fish have well-developed ____ because fish are mostly ____ predators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layers light enters through |
|
|
Term
| what does the iris do? and what is it better known as? |
|
Definition
| controls amount of light entering; pupil |
|
|
Term
| What does the lens do? how does it do it? |
|
Definition
| focuses light on the retina; by changing distance to retina with a retractor lens |
|
|
Term
| The retina contains sensory cells with _____. What is the retina for? |
|
Definition
| light absorbing pigments; light sensing surface |
|
|
Term
| Rods are contained in the _____ and are sensitive to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be crepuscular? Would they have more or less rods? |
|
Definition
| primarily active during twilight (dawn and dusk); more rods |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye? which is more numerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deep sea and nocturnal animals may only have _____ (rods or cones?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of light are cones for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the choroid? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| highly vascularized region beteen retina and sciera. provides oxygen to the retina |
|
|
Term
| what is the tapetum lucidum? What uses it? |
|
Definition
| reflective guanine crystals for enhancing sensitivity in low-light |
|
|
Term
| Why have oriented upwards eyes? example |
|
Definition
| benthic creatures; deep sea hatchet fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase range of view w/out moving body |
|
|
Term
| What are dermal cups? give an example of what has these. |
|
Definition
| dermal cup holds water to dip eye into. mudskippers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which organisms respond to chemical stimuli in their environment that depends primarily of taste and smell senses |
|
|
Term
| What is olfaction? where does it occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of openings of the nose or nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the olfactory rosette? _________ sensitivity with rosette size and number of _________. |
|
Definition
| folds of epithelium (lamallae) lined with receptor cells. greater; lamallae |
|
|
Term
| What is gustation? what is the organ that it requires? what does it do? |
|
Definition
| taste; taste-buds; distinguish food from something noxious |
|
|
Term
| What is the acoustico-lateralis system used for? where is it located? |
|
Definition
| sensing sound, vibration, and other water movements, orientation and balance; inner ear and lateral line system |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the near field sound component? |
|
Definition
| vibrations/actual movements of water particles along with sound pressure (occurs mostly at inner ear and lateral line) |
|
|
Term
| what is the far-field sound component? |
|
Definition
| only sound pressure waves |
|
|
Term
| Inner ear structure: what are the two components? |
|
Definition
| pars superior and pars inferior |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pars superior? and what does it contain? |
|
Definition
| equilibrium and gravity detection; 3 semi-circular canals with ampullae (fluid filled for sensing motion changes), utricle with lappillus |
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