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Definition
| an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions |
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Term
| broad categories of disease |
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Definition
- infectious (caused by a pathogen)
- genetic (caused by abnormality in DNA)
- environmental (includes things done to self, mold, cigarettes, toxins, etc)
**cancer can be caused by all** |
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Term
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Definition
| all cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Definition
- performed by Redi
- thought that flies came from flies rather than spontaneous generation (flies came from the meat)
- disproved Aristotle's spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
- all known things are made up of cells
- cells are the structural and functional unit of all living things
- all cells come from pre-existing cells by division (hereditary info is passed)
- all cells have the same chemical composition
- all energy flow occurs within cells |
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Definition
microorganisms are the cause of many diseases
- swan neck trap experiments
- Louis Pasteur |
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Term
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Definition
- suspected pathogen must always be found is diseased individuals but absent in heathy individuals
- pathogen must be isolated from the diseased individual and grown in pure culture
- pathogen from pure culture must cause disease when put in a healthy host
- same pathogen must be re-isolated from the host that was inoculated with the pure culture |
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Definition
| uncontrolled growing mass of cells that is capable of invading neighboring tissues |
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Term
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Definition
- hypertrophy: increase in cell size
- hyperplasia: increase in cell quantity
- dysplasia: disorganized growth (mild, moderate, severe)
- neoplasia: disorganized growth, net increase in number of divided cells **CANCER** |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer cells develop based on DNA damage |
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Term
| malignant tumor vs benign tumor |
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Definition
- benign: slower growing, self-contained, localized
- malignant: grow out of control, metastasize, tumor angiogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| removing a sample tissue of the tumor |
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Term
| tumor grade vs. tumor stage |
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Definition
- stage: how large tumor has grown and how it has spread
- grade: based on microscopic appearance of cancer cells |
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Definition
| skin cancer: most detectable form of cancer and therefore the least fatal form of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| after five years without cancer, chances of survival increase |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regular cell division: division of nucleus in M phase |
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Term
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Definition
| gametes/sex cells replication |
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Term
| during replication, DNA stays in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gene transcription (copy DNA in nucleus), mRNA forms and carries message to cytoplasm, where translation (rewrite DNA) occurs and forms a protein |
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Term
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Definition
3 nucleotides
(aka 90 nucleotides = 30 codons) |
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Term
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Definition
- substitution
- deletion
- addition
of one piece in the DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
arise from proto-oncogenes, cause uncontrolled cell proliferation
(cancer cells would WANT oncogenes) |
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Term
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Definition
inactivation contributes to cell proliferation, losing these genes allows cells to divide continuously
(cancer cells would NOT WANT tumor suppressor genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| mutations can lead to lack of "mismatch" repair and progress to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
- first growth phase: adequate size, nutrients
- synthesis phase
- second growth phase: cell size right, growth factors
- mitotic phase: M phase, cell is ready to separate, spindles slit |
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Term
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Definition
| regulated by proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes and occurs after each stage of cell cycle |
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Definition
DNA damage
- doesn't start with a single mutation: multistep process |
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Term
| how cancer cells protect themselves |
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Definition
| - surround themselves with tissues to protect themselves from immune attacks - form molecules which can destroy T-cells - stimulate sustained angiogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
- tip of chromosome
- protect the real part of the chromosome (shoe lace tip)
- defective telomeres lead to aging
- needed every time a cell replicates (each time they get shorter) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme, makes cancer cells immortal |
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Term
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Definition
antigen: foreign substance
antibody: protein produced in response to foreign substance |
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Term
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Definition
| helper cells, choose how to respond to foreign antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| produce antibodies to fight foreign antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of tumor cells through the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% of cancer deaths occur not because of where the cancer began, but where it spread to |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cancer, kills because components of blood don't fulfill their duties, red blood cells (oxygen) reduce, white blood cells increase (clog arteries) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell to cell adhesion proteins, without which, cancer cells can invade |
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Definition
| cells commit suicide, part of normal cell aging or response to cell injury |
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Definition
formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones
-- tumor angiogenesis: new blood vessels form with cancer cells, creating a blood supply to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of new blood vessels spontaneously (no preexisting ones) |
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Term
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Definition
- local spread
- blood circulation
- lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells which hunt and kill bacteria |
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Term
| adaptive vs innate immune system |
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Definition
adaptive: immune system with memory
innate: immune system you're born with |
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Term
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Definition
the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
**can never prove CAUSATION** |
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Term
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Definition
- experimental (human equivalent to animal testing)
- descriptive (correlations)
- observational (case control: retrospective, cohort: prospective) |
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Term
| absolute risk vs relative risk |
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Definition
absolute risk: actual numeric chance
relative risk: gives ratio
- 1 is the baseline (2 = 100% increase in risk) |
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Term
| 40% of people that die from cancer die from _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
incidence: rate at which new cases occur in a population over a specified period of time
prevalence: total number of old and new cases (per 100,000) |
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Term
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Definition
- phase I: test for safe dose
- phase II: preliminary testing for effectiveness
- phase III: randomized double blind trial
- FDA review --> approved treatment
- phase IV: further evaluation of side effects and other uses |
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Term
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Definition
- 50% of trials are for children ages 0-14 years
- idea, test tube trial, animal trial, human trial
- interventional trials: experimental to test for safety
- observational trials: experiments to address current issues |
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Term
| leading cause of death in the world... |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the major increase seen in cancer incidence rates seen today? |
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Definition
| increase in life expectancy, due to vaccines and better healthcare |
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Term
| what is the greatest threat to life expectancy |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of clinical trial would be most effective in determining if someone has cancer before symptoms appear? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- test determines what substances create mutagens
- bacteria & growth medium and incubate of substance & liver homogenate from rats
- liver homogenate because it converts pre-mutagens into mutagens |
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Term
| in which of the following cells would you expect the greatest expression of telomerase? |
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Definition
| developing embryo and metastatic cancer cells |
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Term
| antibodies stimulate cancer cells to produce immunotoxins-- true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| what chemicals stimulate angiogenesis in the presence of cancer cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do proto-oncogenes do? |
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Definition
- regulate cell division
- accelerate cell growth and division |
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Term
| to metastasize, a cancer cell must... |
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Definition
- migrate
- extravasate
- intravasate |
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Term
| after what stage in the cell cycle are there check points to help prevent the accumulation of mutation that can lead to cancer? |
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Definition
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