Term
| Functions of the skin and what kinds of things does it protect us from: |
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Definition
| Keeps inside in and outside out. Protection from: Ultraviolet light, physical trauma, chemicals, infectious organisms, and water loss. Also provides tempterature control, excretory, fat store, vitamin D, sensory input, hair and nail production and attachment. |
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Term
| The epidermis is the _______ layer of skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Stratum Corneum? |
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Definition
| The layer of dead cell shells, constantly shedding, oils important constantly replaced from less mature underlying cells. Most of the dust in our houses comes from stratum corneum. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce Melanin (SPF, modified amino acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| A pigment, natuiral sunblock. Helps our skin produce vitamin D when being exposed to sunlight. |
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Term
| What function does keratinocytes have? |
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Definition
| They produce structural proteins called karatin which are long stringy protein that possess a little bit of telomerase (hair). |
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Term
| What are hair follicles and what do they do? |
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Definition
| deep depressions of epidermis producing filamentious keratin bundles (hair). Hair provides shade, insulation, sensation. Nails are filamentous cross-linked keratin bundles. |
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Term
| What do Langerhan cells do? |
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Definition
| Guard against foreign substances like bacteria |
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Term
| The inner layer of skin is called the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the dermis and what is it made of? |
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Definition
| Made of predominately fibroblasts which produce proteins that crosslink collagen, elastin, and others. This is waht holds hour skin together so it doesn't fall apart. |
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Term
| What is the function of sweat glands? |
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Definition
| Help reduce internal heat by excreting (salty) water that cools the skin as it evaporates. This is called evaporative cooling. |
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Term
| Sebvaceous gland functions? |
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Definition
| produce oils that protect and lubricate the skin so they don't crack. (oils that was off with soap) includes pheromones involved in subconscious communication. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of nerve endings? |
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Definition
| in touch and temperature sensation and hair erection. sense temperature when it gets cold |
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Term
| Regulation of body temperature in elder people: |
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Definition
| The skin gets thinner thus causing you to lose heat easier. But in heat, older people tend to be more dehydrated. Ability to sweat is diminished, and there is poorer vessel dilation. Many elder people die from heat strokes. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that can stretch. fibers. they also curl up when you relax. Elastin looses its strechyness when you age. Many cross links develop when you age and it can't strectch as much which causes wrinkles. |
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Term
| The most abundant protein in our body is _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of collagen? |
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Definition
| provides lots of strength. Fit together in a mesh like manner. Like a fabric. It gives a little so it can stretch. When we get older the collagen begins to break and more cross links are produced. Looses its elasticity which causes sagging. |
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Term
| Nerve receptors are reduced by about ___ by age 90 |
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Definition
| 2/3, this causes poorer preception of touch, cold, heat, and pain, therefore, there is reduced appropriate response. |
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Term
| When you get older, sebaceous glands reduce ____ ________ so skin (and hair) dry out more. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Skin dryness. It can be a problem on lower legs and arms. |
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Term
| Why does hair become gray (clear) when you get older? |
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Definition
| there is a loss of melanocytes that produce the pigment. |
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Term
| Why do we loose hair when we get older? |
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Definition
| The follicles become smaller and cycle faster. (less testosterone) |
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Term
| When we get older, our nose and ears continue to grow because ________ continues to grow. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sun exposure leads to earlier wrinking, roughness, age spots, skin cancer, decline in sweat gland function and immune decline. |
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Term
| 4 things to look at when considering skin cancer: |
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Definition
1. asymmetry 2. border irregular 3. color change 4. diameter (>0.25 inch) |
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Term
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Definition
| intense chronic itching. Yeast, irritant, hives also can indicate any of a variety of internal problems. Dermatitis (Eczema, Seborrhea, Psoriasis). Inflammatory - irritant, allergy, diabetes or unknown. W-6 causes inflammation, W-3 prevents inflammation (fish, animals). |
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Term
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Definition
| (shingles) skin lesion from reemerged chicken pox virus. Severe burning and prikly sensation. Emergence of blisters that contain live virus. Crust over in a week, usually gone in 4 weeks. Elderly frequently have extended bouts, may be given pain killers, immunosuppressants or anti-viral meds. Stress can casue virus to re-emerge. |
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Term
| In order to keep your skin healthy what should you do? |
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Definition
| Limit sun, hydrate, move and stimulate skin. Moving keeps your skin healthy. massages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin D is in your skin to protect you from the sun. If you don't get sun, you are not producting vitamin D. This is linked to prostate cancer. People who live closer to equater, have darker skin to protect rom skin cancer/ sun in general |
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Term
| 5 functions of the Cardiovascular System are: |
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Definition
1. Bring nutrients and Oxygen to the tissues 2. Remove waste products (like CO2) from tissues fro disposal (kidneys, lungs) 3. Provide a network for communication among cells/tissues around the body. 4. Criculate immune cells and antibodies. 5. Warmth |
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Term
| Order of blood through the heart: |
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Definition
1. Blood comes from body tissues into the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. 2. Right Atrium 3. Right Ventricle 4. Pulmonary Arteries 5. Lungs 6. Pulmonary veins retrun the blood to the heart's Left Atrium 7. Left Ventricle 8. Aorta 9. Organs and peripheral tissues. |
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Term
| ___ - ___ ______ separate compartments and prevent reverse blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ ________ is the strongest in the heart. |
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Definition
| left ventricle, left side of the heart has to work the hardest. |
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Term
| The contraction of the left and right atria is stimulated by the __ ____. |
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Definition
| SA node (pacemaker) Depolarizes cells fastest out of anywhere in the heart |
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Term
| The contraction of the Left and Right Ventricles is stimulated by the __ ____. |
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Definition
| AV Node. Depolarizes cells the 2nd fastest which works with the SA node to squeeze blood out of the heart. |
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Term
| Electrical depolarization of SA and AV nodes forms basis for the _________________ which allows doctors to observe and assess heart rhythem. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction of left ventricle peripheral blood pressure is highest. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure is lowest (resting) |
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Term
| Blood pressure normally fluctuates dramatically from ___ mm Hg down to __ mm Hg. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood Pressurecan be further influenced by: |
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Definition
1. stress 2. kidney function 3. weather 4. blood pressure cuffs These changes are actualized by blood chemicals that influence arterial muscle contraction. |
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Term
| Blood pressure is effected by two main factors: |
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Definition
1. Cardiac Output -Heart Rate (Temp, Ions, Nerve Input, Hormones) -Stroke Volume (Return, Flilling/Emptying, Hormones) 2. Peripheral Resistance -Vessel diameter/elasticity, Blood Viscosity. |
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Term
| There is higher blood pressure in the ________ and lower blood pressure in the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular matrix support - smooth muscle layer - connective tissue layer - serosa. One cell thick, very tin. Prevents coagulation. Holds blood in. Can regulate blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest blood vessels where exchange of nutrients occurs. Quite thin walls and reduced pressure. |
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Term
| Simple diffusion vs active transport: |
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Definition
| Simple diffusion is going from high to low concentration. Active transport is using a source of energy to get something across a gradient (where proteins bind to molecules in blood and transport them into cells.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Destroy microorganisms filtered through the interstitial space (space in between a cell). Rich in white blood cells here. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spleen filters microorganisms from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| An important site for maturation of T cells (antibacterial and antiviral cells) |
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Term
| List the 10 blood components: |
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Definition
1. Plasma - blood with cells removed (percentage that is the cells is the Hematocrit) 2. Serum - blood coagulated then cells and clots removed. 3. Water 4. Cells - RBC's, WBC's, Platelets 5. Fats - Lipoproteins, Hormones 6. Proteins - Albumin, Hormones, Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulins. 7. Minerals - Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, etc. 8. Nutrients - Carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins 9. Gases - Oxygen, CO2, Nitrogen, Nitric Oxide(endothelial-derived relaxing factor) 10. Waste Products - CO2, Acid, Urea, Creatine, Uric acid, etc. |
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Term
| White blood cells (Leukocytes): |
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Definition
Neutrophils - travel the body in search of bacteria to eat. Monocytes - similar role to neutrophils, mature into macrophages. B cells - Make antibodies "humoral immunity" T cells - "cellular immunity", antibacterial and antiviral |
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Term
| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): |
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Definition
Gas Exchange RBC production requires sufficient vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron. Deficiency in any of these can lead to anemia at any age and of course, excess bleeding (including ulcers) can cause anemia. Hemoglobin binds oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport. |
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Term
| Platelets are important in _____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
Platelets (not true cells), cell fragments: |
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Definition
| Coagulation. Most important thing, keeping wound ceiled. Collagen adds strength to vessel walls. Platelets + collagen = clot. |
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Term
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Definition
Stoppage of bleeding. When platelets interact with the collagen under the endothelial cells of the vascular lining they become activated and secrete certain chemicals that enhance platelet binding. |
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Term
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Definition
| When damaged tissues release factors that lead to cleavage of fibrinogen that becomes fibrin that is sticky and forms a clot. |
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Term
| Clots formed during a heart attack or stroke can sometimes be dissolved with what 2 things? |
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Definition
1. Streptokinase, 2. TPA (tissue plasminogen activator). Both of these break up the clot. |
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Term
| Herparin and Aspirin also both aid in what? |
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Definition
| Breaking up clots. Heparin is a natural anti-clotting agent. Aspirin also is an anti-clotting agent (blood thinner) and is used prophylactically to reduce risk of heart attack or stroke. |
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Term
| When you age (normally), what sometimes begins to happen in the heart? |
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Definition
1. It can become covered by a layer of fat (triglycerides main energy source for heart). The hearts endothelial layer (endocardium) becomes thicker with collagen. 2. Cardiac output decreases with normal adult aging (0.7% per year this adds up to a 30% reduction by age 75). 3. Valves become modified and somewhat less effective (damaged) Regurgitation - reverse flow of blood through defective valve. 4. Duration of systole increases leaving less time to refill (takes longer = less cardiac output.) 5. Maximum heart rate decreases with age. |
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Term
| When you age (abnormally), what happens to the heart? |
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Definition
1. SA node and/or signal distribution can begin to fail (cardiac disrhythmia flutter = rapid regular contraction), (Fibrillation = disorganized contractions). Electrical device (pacemaker, defibrillator) can be implanted to stimulate appropriate rhythm. 2. Hypotension - low blood pressure 3. Atherosclerosis (Atheroma) - scarring of the arteries. 4. Thrombus 5. Hypertension etc etc etc |
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Term
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Definition
low blood pressure. Inability to effectively pump blood due to low blood bolume, uncoordinated heart, chronic internal or external bleeding, poor liquid intake, shock or drugs. Can lead to blackouts when standing up. Treatment: pacemaker, hydration, treat for anemia. |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis (Atheroma): |
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Definition
LDL carries triglycerides and cholesterol from gut via the liver to body tissues. LDL can become oxidized. Fat adding!! This is very bad. Monocytes monitor intima of the blood vessels in search of foreign bodies and debris. (Monocytes mature into macrophages.) Macrophages under the intima engulf oxidized LDL and become foam cells which are full of fat. They stay there and so do the cholesteral and triglycerides. This process leads to Fatty streaks that reduce the diameter of the blood vessel and can lead to a clot. The activated endothelium and foam cells produce factors that make the smooth muscle cells migrate and reproduce and make collagen. Increased muscle moves into the artery wall (stenosis), forming Intermediate Lesions (any abnormal tissue change caused by disease.) The lesions become larger and begin to take up Ca and cholesterol and become more stiff and can then be called Atherosclerotic Plaques. HDL, on the other hand, is good. It carries extra choleseterol from the other tissues back to the liver. HDL is not as susceptible to oxidation. Fat Reducing! Treatment: Diet(primary reason), exercise, stents, angioplasty, bypass. |
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Term
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Definition
| very high cholesterol level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plaques may rupture under stress and lead to a thrombus or foam cells make tissu factor that, in turn, cause clotting. Advanced plaques may break or otherwise stimulate clot thrombus formation. This can cause a problem at this site, blocking blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a thrombus may break off into the blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the broken off thrombus gets lodged in the next blood vessel that is too large for it to pass through. |
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Term
|
Definition
| clot in brain. 3rd leading cause of death in USA. If survived i tusually leads to impariment of mental and/or physical function. Sometimes forewarned by transient ischemic attack (mild loss of function or numbness). |
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Term
| Heart attack (myocardial infarction): |
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Definition
| clot in the heart. Leading cause of death in USA. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thrombosis risk factors and treatment include: |
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Definition
high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, diet, obesity, diabetes, menopause, male, stress, aging, impotence, high LDL, etc. Treatment: treat hypertension, reduce atherosclerosis, blood thinners (anticoagulants). |
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Term
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Definition
High blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg); > half of Americans over 60. Typical American diet leads to dysfunction in vascular health. Risk factors: excess salt or alcohol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis exacerbates this whole scenario. Treatment: diuretics, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers, HDL, Exercise, Diet, SMoking Cessation. |
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Term
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Definition
Transient coronary artery constriction of occluded artery causing pain from anoxia. Treatment: vasodilators, reduce atherosclerosis, nitroglycerine pills. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collapsing of artery wall outward, may rupture and cause death. Cause of death in 1 of 250 in over 50 population. Really bad. Most likely you will die. Pressure build up. Years and years of high blood pressure. |
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Term
Compensatory Ventricular Hypertrophy: Congestive Heart Failure: |
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Definition
Compensatory Ventricular Hypertrophy (left ventricular hypertrophy) (enlarged heart). Heart defects or hardened arteries make heart work harder, muscles enlarge when worked. this is bad! CVH (congestive heart failure) - Inability to effectively pump blood. Back pressure from poor cardiac function and atherosclerosis can lead to pulmonary edema (fluid builup) or swelling of legs and feet. Treatment: vasodilators, diuretics, digitalis, diet, exercise, quit smoking/alcohol. |
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Term
| What should you do to keep a healthy heart? |
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Definition
| continue exercising. Reduced oxygen levels in muscles leads to more anaerobic respiration and therefore more harmful acid, free radicals production in muscles and therfore easier tissue fatigue. Reduction in heart cell mitochondria, ATP and creatine phosphate (energy molecule) |
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Term
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Definition
| where they push a deflated baloon into a partially clogged artery, inflate the ballon and pullit out and crack up the plaque build up. Traumatic. |
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Term
| Function of the Respiratory System: |
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Definition
1. Provide O2 to carry out respiration in cells 2. Get rid of CO2 waste 3. Protect against infection |
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Term
| Movement of air through the respiratory system: |
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Definition
1. Air passes through nose (filtered by nose hairs) and/or mouth to the 2. Parynx 3. Epiglottis 4. Trachea 5. Two bronchi 6. Many bronchioles 7. Aveoli |
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Term
| Resting breathing is constituted by _____ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| When more oxygen is needed the ___________ _______ ______ is invoked and deep breathing occurs, usually accompanied by forced exhalation of the __________ _______ ______ which together constitute the _____ ________. |
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Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Vital Capacity. |
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Term
| The remaining volume following exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume is the ________ ______, that cannot be exhaled but does constitute a big part of the _____ ____ ________. |
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Definition
| Residual volume, Total lung capacity. |
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Term
| __________ cells in the trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap particulates. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ line airway and transport airborne particulates up to pharynx for swallowing |
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Definition
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Term
| In the aveoli, what is the function of alveolar macrophages? |
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Definition
| to kill infection and rid the alveoli of particulates like pollen. Basically keeping the alveoli clean. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the surfactant cells in the alveoli? |
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Definition
| secretes lipids and proteins that aid in gas exchange. Lowers the surface tension so it is easier for O2 to get across the aveoler membrane. |
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Term
The total volume that accounts for the alveoli is _ - _ liters The total surface area that accounts for the alveoli is __ - __ square meters. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gas exchange is proportional to _______ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The alveoli have to be highly vascular in order to transfer gases from air to blood and back. |
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Definition
Blood vessels = endothelial Cells exposed to external environment = epithelial |
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Term
| what in the red blood cells binds with the oxygen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What percentage of Oxygen is returned to the lungs unused? |
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Definition
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Term
| Breathing is both concious and unconscious by the brain, but inhalation is _____ whereas exhalation is usually _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing ___ in blood (from cellular respiration) stimulates increased respiration. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| When you age what happens to lung capacity? (Vital capacity and residual volume) |
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Definition
Vital capacity is reduced by age 60 (about 1/5) - rate of decline is 2-3 times greater in smokers Residual volume increases from 25% - 40% by age 60. Effective exhalation must be conscious. Narrowed airways lead to less gas exchange with breathing effectively increasing residual volume. |
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Term
| When you age, there is a reduction in flexibility and strength of the rib cage. What are some likely causes of this? |
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Definition
1. Cartilage calcification 2. Protein fiber cross-linking 3. Weaker muscles cannot expand chestt fully 4. Therefore, shift more to abdominal |
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Term
| When you age, what happens with the bronchioles and the cilia? |
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Definition
| The bronchioles narrow with age and ciliary movement becomes less efficient and mucus thickens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic soughing, excess mucus production by epithelial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle cells constrict and mucus-producing epithelial cells produce excess mucus when hypersensitized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swallowing may become uncoordinated and "aspiration" of food can lead to serious respiratory problems; helps to turn head to swallow. |
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Term
| Coal miners can get _____ lung and mill workers can get _____ lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain what Pulmonary Fibrosis is: |
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Definition
(scarring and thickening) - build up of fibrous material, (walling off) occurs as a result of breathing particulates and fibrous materials. Death of many alveolar epithelial cells (less surface). Scarring and thickening reduces elasticity. Through time, the alveoli gets thicker due to scarring from foreign particles. Free radicals are produced and damages cells. ONce repaireed the alveoli walls are thicker. (not good, need it to be thin for gas exchange) |
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Term
| Long-term alveolar damage leads to emphysema which is? |
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Definition
| over 55, 5th leading cause of death among men, 7th among women. Common among smokers. Irreversible damage and degradation of alveolar walls. Reduces surface area to exchange gases . Compounded by reduced lung elasticity and greater residual volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| (bacterial, viral, or fungal) - 'old man's friend' - has always ben a big killer of the old, young, and weak. (penicillin) Recently, however, more virulent strains are emerging causing problems in a broader sector of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also been an important killer in the elderly, and others. More virulent (antibiotic-resistant) strains are emergin causing problems. |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): |
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Definition
| Accumulation of alot of different pulmonary diseases (pneumonia, TB, emphysema, influenza). |
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Term
| The number 1 cause of cancer deaths, roughly 150,000 deaths per year? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood clot in the lung - This blocks blood flow through the lung, reducing blood oxygenation and causes inflammation in the lungs. |
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Term
| Functions of the nervous system: |
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Definition
1. Running and coordinating basic body functions 2. Immediate responses to simple stimuli 3. Thinking 4. Memory 5. Communication |
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Term
| What is the job of a neuron? |
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Definition
| to conduct electrical signals from one place to another. Sensory, effector, storage of information. |
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Term
| Neurons are composed of what 3 things and what are their functions? |
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Definition
1. Cell body - maintains cell 2. Dendrites - pick up signals 3. Axons - deliver signals |
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Term
Electrical gradient is composed of what? Chemical gradient is composed of what? |
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Definition
Electrical gradient is composed of 70 mV positive vs negative charges. Chemical gradient is composed of sodium/potassium This is how nerve impulses are transmitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. The signal gets t the next cell NOT by the electrical signal jumping synapse but by a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) being secreted by the axon and binding to the dendrite. The neurotransmitter is either borken down (acetyl choline) or remoived (epinephrine) within milliseconds to prepare for the next impulse. |
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Term
| All or None response to stimulus (heat, light, pain, etc.) |
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Definition
| can't partially stimulate a nerve. Intensity relates to how many neurons are sent to brain. Depolarization frequency NOT magnitude. |
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Term
| What are neuroglial cells? |
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Definition
| They support brain neurons. Cells that generate most brain tumors. Where brain cancer usually develops. |
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Term
Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocites do what? |
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Definition
| Insulate most axons with myelin sheath, increase transmission rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| coat the capillaries forming the Blood-Brain Barrier. |
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Term
| Spinal cord controls what? |
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Definition
| Reflexes, autonomic nervous system - control of vital/primitive functions including most major organs, integration to brain. |
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Term
| Brainstem(Midbrain, Pons Medulla, Cerebellum) control what? |
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Definition
| Involved with unconscious activities like respiration, cardiovascualr function, wake/sleep, GI control, some motor control coordination, smooth action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory, thought, judgement, emotion voluntary motor, auditory, visual, speech, integration of senses, body system monitoring - temperature, pulse, blood pressure, hunger, thirst, bladder, GI, satiety (satisfaction), hormone production. |
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Term
| The brain uses _______ as its primary energy source. |
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Definition
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