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BIology Notecards Chp 10,11,12,13,14,15
chapter 10 bio
102
Biology
9th Grade
12/12/2009

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Term
cell division
Definition
the process of which a cell divides
Term
mitosis
Definition
division of the cell
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
second stage of the division of cells
Term
chromatids
Definition
chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids
Term
centromeres
Definition
in the middle of the chromatids
Term
interphase
Definition
growth
Term
cell cycle
Definition
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Term
prophase
Definition
first and longest phase of mitosis- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Term
centrioles
Definition
tow tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope
Term
spindle
Definition
fanlike structure that helps separate the chromosomes
Term
metaphase
Definition
second phase of mitosis-chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
third phase of mitosis-centromeres that join the sister chromatids split
Term
telophase
Definition
last phase of mitosis- nuclear envelope re forms around each cluster of chromosomes
Term
cyclin
Definition
protein that regulates cell cycle
Term
cancer
Definition
cells loose ability to control growth
Term
genetics
Definition
scientific study of heredity
Term
fertilization
Definition
produces a new cell which develops into a tiny embryo
Term
true-breeding
Definition
term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
Term
trait
Definition
specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
Term
hybrid
Definition
offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Term
gene
Definition
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Term
allele
Definition
one of a number of different forms of a gene
Term
segregation
Definition
separation of alleles during gamete formation
Term
gamete
Definition
specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
Term
probability
Definition
likelihood that a particular event will occur
Term
punnett square
Definition
diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
Term
homozygous
Definition
same-term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
Term
heterozygous
Definition
different-term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
Term
phenotype
Definition
physical appearance
Term
genotype
Definition
genetical appearance
Term
independent assortment
Definition
independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
Term
codominance
Definition
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Term
mulitiple alleles
Definition
three or more alleles of the same gene
Term
polygenic trait
Definition
trait controlled by two or more genes
Term
homologous
Definition
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Term
diploid
Definition
term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
Term
haploid
Definition
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
Term
meiosis
Definition
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Term
tetrad
Definition
structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
Term
crossing-over
Definition
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Term
gene map
Definition
diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome
Term
transformation
Definition
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
virus that infects bacteria
Term
nucleotide
Definition
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Term
base pairing
Definition
principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
Term
chromatin
Definition
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
Term
histone
Definition
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
Term
replication
Definition
copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Term
gene
Definition
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Term
mRNA
Definition
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Term
rRNA
Definition
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
Term
tRNA
Definition
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
Term
transcription
Definition
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
Term
promoter
Definition
region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
Term
intron
Definition
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
Term
exon
Definition
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
Term
codon
Definition
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
Term
translation
Definition
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Term
anticodon
Definition
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
Term
mutation
Definition
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Term
point mutation
Definition
gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
Term
frame shift mutation
Definition
mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Term
polyploidy
Definition
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
Term
operon
Definition
group of genes operating together
Term
operator
Definition
region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off”
Term
differentiation
Definition
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
Term
hox genes
Definition
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
Term
selective breeding
Definition
method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Term
hybridization
Definition
taking good traits from 2 good things to make something with only good tratits
Term
inbreeding
Definition
when you breed in your near family (e.g. cousin with aunt)
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Term
restriction enzyme
Definition
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Term
gel electrophoresis
Definition
procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Term
polymerase chain reaction
Definition
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
Term
plasmid
Definition
small circular piece of DNA
Term
genetic marker
Definition
gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't
Term
transgenic
Definition
term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
Term
clone
Definition
has the same exact DNA as the original
Term
karyotype
Definition
photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
Term
sex chromosome
Definition
one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex; females have two X chromosomes; males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
Term
autosome
Definition
chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Term
pedigree
Definition
chart that shows the relationships within a family
Term
sex-linked gene
Definition
gene located on the X or Y chromosome
Term
nondisjunction
Definition
error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Term
DNA fingerprinting
Definition
analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
Term
evolution
Definition
change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Term
theory
Definition
well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Term
fossil
Definition
preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
Term
artificial selection
Definition
selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
Term
struggle for existance
Definition
competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life
Term
fitness
Definition
ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
Term
adaptation
Definition
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
Term
survival of the fittest
Definition
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
Term
natural selection
Definition
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
Term
descent w/ modification
Definition
principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
Term
common descent
Definition
principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors
Term
homologous structures
Definition
structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
Term
vestigial organ
Definition
organ that serves no useful function in an organism
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