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Definition
| the process of which a cell divides |
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Definition
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Definition
| second stage of the division of cells |
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| chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids |
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Definition
| in the middle of the chromatids |
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Definition
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Definition
| series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
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Definition
| first and longest phase of mitosis- chromatin condenses into chromosomes |
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Definition
| tow tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| fanlike structure that helps separate the chromosomes |
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Definition
| second phase of mitosis-chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
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Definition
| third phase of mitosis-centromeres that join the sister chromatids split |
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Definition
| last phase of mitosis- nuclear envelope re forms around each cluster of chromosomes |
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Definition
| protein that regulates cell cycle |
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Definition
| cells loose ability to control growth |
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Definition
| scientific study of heredity |
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Definition
| produces a new cell which develops into a tiny embryo |
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Definition
| term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
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Definition
| specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
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Definition
| offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of different forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of alleles during gamete formation |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |
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Term
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Definition
| same-term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| different-term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
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Definition
| situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more alleles of the same gene |
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Definition
| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome |
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Definition
| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
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Definition
| enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| group of genes operating together |
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Term
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Definition
| region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off” |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo |
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Definition
| method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| taking good traits from 2 good things to make something with only good tratits |
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Term
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Definition
| when you breed in your near family (e.g. cousin with aunt) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
| technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| small circular piece of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| has the same exact DNA as the original |
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Term
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Definition
| photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex; females have two X chromosomes; males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| chart that shows the relationships within a family |
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Term
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Definition
| gene located on the X or Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
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Term
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Definition
| preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism |
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Term
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Definition
| selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors |
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Definition
| structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that serves no useful function in an organism |
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