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| Process of thinking and learning about the world |
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| An individual living thing |
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| System of asking question, developing explanations and testing them |
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| Possible explanation or guess at a solution |
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| Factors in an experiment are controlled |
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| Variable that doesn't change |
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| Factor that differs among test groups |
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| Logical explanation that explains an observation |
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| Smallest unit of a chemical element |
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| Substance that is formed by bonding of atoms |
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| Atom that has gained or lost an electron(s) thus having a charge |
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| Attraction between oppositely charges ions |
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| Electrons are shared between 2 atoms |
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| Group of atoms that act as a single unit |
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| When water dissolves a substance |
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| Contains at least 2 carbon atoms |
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| Has one or no carbon atoms |
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| Changes one set of substances into a new one |
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| Speeds up chemical reaction (called enzyme in living things) |
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| Has the same atoms/ bonds, atoms oriented differently in space |
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| Region where the enzyme substrates bind |
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| Separates and protects the cell from surroundings |
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| Made of phospholipids, has a non polar end, double layer pattern, main component in the cell membrane |
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| Supports and protects plant cells only |
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| Process by which substances spread through a liquid/gas |
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| Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| Control center of the cell |
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| Site where ribosomes are assembled |
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| Cells that contain nuclei |
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| Cells that don't contain nuclei |
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| Structure in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA bound to proteins |
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| Fluid that contains organelles |
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| Structure in a cell with a specialized function |
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| Tiny particles made of RNA and proteins that assemble proteins |
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| Process and transports proteins and other macromolecules (Rough ER has ribosomes, Smooth doesn't) |
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| Works w/ the ER, packages materials which need to be shipped, may attach to carbs or lipids to protein- identified by Camillo Golgi |
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| Made from the Golgi apparatus, sack like membranes filled with chemicals and enzymes that break down substances (AKA janitor) |
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| Cell's skeleton, microtubles/filaments, tough flexible framework |
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| Sack like structure that stores materials, give plant cells support |
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| Produces energy for complex organic material (glucose) |
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| Only in plants and algae, harvest sunlight and energy to produce molecules that serve as energy |
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| Adenosine Phosphate- Energy storage compound in cells |
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| Series of reactions in which a molecule of glucose is broken down |
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| Regeneration of NAD+ to keep glycolysis running in the absence of oxygen |
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| Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid |
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| Pyruvic acid is converted to alcohol and Carbon dioxide |
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| Release of energy from the break down of food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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| Series of reactions where chemical bonds in pyruvic acid are broken apart |
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| Series of molecules located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that receive high energy electrons from electron carriers NAD+ and FAD |
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| Process by which green plants use the energy of sunlight to produce carbohydrates |
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| Colored substances which reflect and absorb light |
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| Principle pigment in green plants |
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| Part of photosynthesis that requires light |
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| Light-independent reactions |
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| Part of photosynthesis that doesn't require light |
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| Produces sugar and removes Carbon dioxide |
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| Period of first division to the next |
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| Process in which the cell divides into 2 daughter cells |
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| Phase that occurs in between cell division |
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| Organize microtubles to from spindle |
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| helps pull apart chromatids |
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| Protein that causes spindle to form |
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| Characteristics of living things |
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-Made of cells
-Must grow and develop
-Respond to stimuli
-reproduce
-Obtain and use energy |
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| Walter Reed and his experiments on Yellow Fever |
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-Used human volunteers
-Group A lived behind screens, but had infected sheets/clothes
-Group B given clean clothes/sheets, but were subject to mosquitoes
-Group A survived |
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| Characteristics of carbs, lipids, and proteins |
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Carbs- Sugar/protein, break down provides energy, made of mono, di, and poly saccharides
Lipids- Waxy, fatty, oily, fatty acids store energy
Proteins- Store energy, polymers of molecules called amino acids, 20 common amino acids, amino acids joined together by peptide bonds, chain of amino acids called poly peptide
Nucleic acids- Information carrying molecules of inheritance, DNA/RNA, made from nucleotides, which have 3 parts: Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar |
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) |
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-created the first magnified images by placing lenses at proper distances from each other
-Created the light microscope: Rays of light bent through images
-Looked at pond water and discovered animalcules-little animals |
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Observed cork, saw tiny, rectangular chambers which he named cells
-Said plants only had cells |
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-Found animal tissues resmble plant tissue
-said animals were made of cells |
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| -Cell's nucleus plays a role in reproduction |
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| -Animal and plant cells are produced only by the division of cells that already exist |
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| Photosynthesis only occurs in the presence of light |
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-All living things are composed of cells
-Cells are the smallest working units of life
-All cells come from preexisting cells by means of division |
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| Difference between active/passive transport |
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| Active requires energy, passive does not |
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| Substances spread through a liquid or gas |
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| Diffusion helped by channels embedded in the cell membrane |
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| Lynn Margulis and Endosymbiont hypothesis |
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| Billions of years ago, eukaryotic cells arose as a combination of prokaryotic cells, one cell may have been inside another |
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| Glycolysis (entire process) |
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| Starts with 2 ATP, each made of a 3 carbon molecule. NAD+ grabs an electron and pyruvic acid is made. |
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| If oxygen is not present in glycolysis NADH is generated into NAD+ to continue glycolysis |
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| When oxygen is present in glycolysis, pyruvic acid goes to the Krebs Cycle. The cycle makes 2 turns for one molecule of glucose. Electron carriers go to ETC. Electrons lose energy as it moves down the chain to each ATP. Water is eventually made. |
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| Phases of the cell cycle and mitosis |
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Interphase: Phase that occurs between cell division-G1 growth occurs, S phase, chromosomes duplicate themselves,G2 phase prepares for mitosis
Prophase- Longest phase, chromosomes appear
Metaphase-Shortest phase, chromosomes line up across center and attach to spindle
Anaphase- Chromosomes split,move toward opposite sides
Telophase- Spindle breaks, from two nuclei, around each set of chromosomes |
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Chemical pathway used to convert energy from ATP and NADPH into sugars-discovered by Melvin Calvin
-Each turn of the CC uses one molecule of CO2 and 2 hydrogen atoms
-After 6 turns, a 6 carbon sugar molecule is produced
-Products used to build cellulose, needed for growth/development |
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| C6H12O6 -> CO2+H2O=Energy |
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| ATP made through Light Dependent/ Independent reactions |
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| Sunlight-> Chlorophyll, Electrons from H2O-> ETC accepts high energy e- ->NADP+ and H+(e-)->Enters Light Independent Reaction-> NADPH+ATP-> Calvin cycle takes energy-> Makes sugar-> CO2+H2O-> Sugar(C6H12O6)+Oxygen |
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