1. Action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal membrane

2. Ca2+ ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm

3. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

4. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane.

5. Ligand-gated ion channels open

Which of the following are incorrectly paired?

forebrain-diencephalon

forebrain-cerebrum

midbrain-brainstem

midbrain-cerebellum

brainstem-pons

micotubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

actin

NOT NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

All of the following structures and proteins are directly associated with movement in cells or by cells except 

cilia

dynein

centrosomes

actin

flagella

1. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

2. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum

3. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex

4. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites

5. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP

skin

mucous membranes

acidic secretions

antimicrobial proteins

dilation of arterioles

increased permeability of blood vessels

increased population of phagocytes in the area

leakage of the plasma to the affected area

Which of the following are false about innate immunity?

- they include inflammatory responses

-they do not include physical and chemical barriers

-they must be primed by the presence of anitgen

-they may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes

-Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process

-they DO include physical and chemical barriers

-they do not have to be primed by the presence of an antigen

the constant regions (C regions)

The variable (V regions)

Light chains

Heavy chains

B cells

T cells

erythrocytes

neutrophils

Which of the following about antibodies is false?

-antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins

-antibodies bind with foreign cells and lyse them

-The structure of antibodies includes both a constant and variable region

-antibodies act as signals to blood complement proteins or phagocytes

-plasma cells are responsible for the production of antibodies

AIDS

SCID

Lupus erythematosus

Multiple sclerosis 

Which of the following karyotypes would not have one or more Barr bodies visible in the nucleus?

XY male

XXY male

XX female

XXX female

XXYY male

40. Foreign antigens synthesized within body cells are presented by

1. class I MHC molecules to cytotoxic T cells
2. class II MHC molecules to helper T cells
3. class I MHC molecules to helper T cells
4. class II MHC molecules to CD4-bearing cells
5. class II MHC molecules to cytotoxic T cells

1.  
   1. proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump
   2. proteins embedded in B-cell membranes
   3. proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains
   4. antibody-generating foreign macromolecules

What are antigens?

2. Both A and C are correct.

 In the inflammatory response, the absence of which of the following would prevent all the others from happening?

1. dilation of arterioles
2. increased permeability of blood vessels
3. increased population of phagocytes in the area
4. release of histamine
5. leakage of plasma to the affected area

The clonal selection theory implies that

1. related people have similar immune responses.
2. antigens activate specific lymphocytes.
3. only certain cells can produce interferon.
4. memory cells are present at birth.
5. the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

Plasma cells are

1. immature forms of T cells.
2. cells that produce few antibodies.
3. the effector cells of humoral immunity.
4. responsible for immunological memory.
5. responsible for the phagocytosis of foreign organisms.

A major difference between active and passive immunity is that active immunity requires

1. acquisition and activation of antibodies.
2. proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow.
3. transfer of antibodies from the mother across the placenta.
4. direct exposure to a living or simulated disease organism.
5. secretion of interleukins from macrophages.

The function of CD4 and CD8 is to assist T cells in

1. enhancing secretion of proteins such as interferon.
2. activating B cells and other T cells.
3. binding of the MHC-antigen complex.
4. recognition of self cells.
5. secretion of antibodies specific for each antigen.

The T in T lymphocytes stands for

1. thymus
2. trigger.
3. threshold.
4. toxic.
5. thyroid.

Which of the following results in long-term immunity?

1. the passage of maternal antibodies to her developing fetus
2. the inflammatory response to a splinter
3. the administration of serum obtained from people immune to rabies
4. the administration of the chickenpox vaccine
5. the passage of maternal antibodies to her nursing infant