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Biology Mid Term
n/a
163
Biology
9th Grade
01/02/2009

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Term
Flammable materials, like alcohol, should never be dispensed or used near...
Definition
an open flame
Term
If a laboratory fire erupts, immediately...
Definition
notify your instructor
Term
Approved eye protection devices (such as goggles) are worn in the laboratory...
Definition
any time chemicals, heat or glassware are used.
Term
If you wear contact lenses in the school laboratory,...
Definition
advise your science instructor that you wear contact lenses.
Term
If you do not understand a direction or part of a lab procedure, you should...
Definition
ask the instructor before proceeding.
Term
After completing an experiment, all chemical wastes should be...
Definition
disposed of according to your instructor’s directions
Term
If a lab experiment is not completed, you should...
Definition
discuss the issue with your instructor
Term
You are heating a substance in a test tube. Always point the open end of the tube...
Definition
away from all people.
Term
You are heating a piece of glass and now want to pick it
up. You should...
Definition
use tongs.
Term
You have been injured in the laboratory (cut, burn, etc.). First you should...
Definition
tell the science instructor at once.
Term
When gathering glassware and equipment for an experiment, you should...
Definition
read all directions carefully to know what equipment is necessary.

examine all glassware to check for chips or cracks.

clean any glassware that appears dirty.
Term
Long hair in the laboratory must be...
Definition
tied back or kept entirely out of the way with a hair band, hairpins, or other confining device
Term
In a laboratory, the following should not be worn...
Definition
loose clothing, dangling jewelry, and sandals.
Term
The following footwear is best in the laboratory...
Definition
closed-toed shoes
Term
Horseplay or practical jokes in the laboratory are...
Definition
always against the rules.
Term
If a piece of equipment is not working properly, stop, turn it off, and tell...
Definition
the science instructor.
Term
If an acid is splashed on your skin, wash at once with...
Definition
plenty of water.
Term
When you finish working with chemicals, biological specimens, and other lab substances, always...
Definition
wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
Term
T-F: Hot glass looks the same as cold glass.
Definition
True
Term
T-F: All chemicals in the lab are to be considered dangerous.
Definition
True.
Term
T-F: Return all unused chemicals to their original containers.
Definition
False
Term
T-F: Work areas should be kept clean and tidy.
Definition
True.
Term
T-F: Pipets are used to measure and dispense small amounts of liquids. You should draw the liquid into the pipet using your mouth.
Definition
False.
Term
T-F: Laboratory work can be started immediately upon entering the laboratory even if the instructor is not yet present.
Definition
False.
Term
T-F: Never remove chemicals or other equipment from the laboratory.
Definition
True.
Term
T-F: Chipped or cracked glassware is okay to use.
Definition
False.
Term
T-F: Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory.
Definition
True.
Term
T-F: All unauthorized experiments are prohibited
Definition
True.
Term
T-F: You are allowed to enter the chemical preparation/storage area any time you need to get an item.
Definition
False.
Term
T-F: Laboratory aprons should be worn during all lab activities.
Definition
True
Term
T-F: It’s okay to pick up broken glass with your bare hands as long as the glass is placed in the trash.
Definition
False.
Term
T-F: Never leave a lit burner unattended
Definition
True.
Term
What are the seven steps of the scientific method?
Definition
1. Observe
2. Form Question or Problem
3. Get Information or Research
4. Hypothesis
5. Experiment (test hypothesis)
6. Observations
7. Conclusion
Term
Control group:
Definition
A group used as a standard of comparison in a control experiment. Doesn’t change.
Term
Experimental group:
Definition
A group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a control experiment. Goup where independent variable is changed.
Term
dependant variable:
Definition
Variable that changes, and dependent on independent variable.
Term
Experiment:
Definition
Used to test hypothesis. Method of answering questions.
Term
Data:
Definition
All information found. Qualitative or quantitative.
Term
Inference:
Definition
Assumption.
Term
Observation:
Definition
Something you can see, feel, smell, hear, or taste.
Term
Hypothesis:
Definition
Educated guess
Term
Model:
Definition
Visual
Term
Theory:
Definition
Major hypothesis. Idea that has withstood the test of time. Continues to be true. Can be changed (different from law).
Term
Law:
Definition
Theory of nature, CAN NOT CHANGE!
Term
Independent Variable:
Definition
What you change on purpose in the experiment.
Term
length
Definition
meter
Term
mass
Definition
gram
Term
time
Definition
second
Term
electric current
Definition
ampere
Term
temperature
Definition
Kelvin
Term
amount of substance
Definition
mole
Term
luminous intensity
Definition
candela
Term
List the metric prefixes in order starting with giga, ending with femto
Definition
giga, mega, kilo, hecto, deca, (one), deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico, and femto.
Term
biology:
Definition
the study of life/ all living things
Term
The 6 characteristics of life are:
Definition
1. Cell structure
2. Organisms organization
3. Energy Use
4. Stability and Homeostasis
5. Growth
6. Reproduction
Term
autotrophs:
Definition
organism that makes it’s own food through chemosynthesis or photosynthesis; blue-green bacteria are autotrophs
Term
differentiation:
Definition
developmental process by which generalized cells become specialized in order to form such structures as the brain and spinal cord.
Term
organization:
Definition
orderly, interrelated system of vital life processes of functions performed by a living organism; for example, different kinds of cells group together to make up structures with complex organization
Term
heterotrophs:
Definition
organism requiring complex organic molecules for energy, and that must feed on matter produced by other organisms
Term
DNA:
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid; forms genetic code of organisms; carries all of our genetic information; stores information
Term
Cell division:
Definition
The process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells. Upon completion of the process, each daughter cell contains the same genetic material as the original cell and roughly half of its cytoplasm.
Term
growth:
Definition
an increase in the amount of living material in an organism by cell division; a function carried out by all organisms
Term
development:
Definition
series of changes an organism undergoes in reaching its final, adult form; one of four functions that distinguishes organisms as living creatures
Term
metabolism:
Definition
all chemical reactions that occur in an organism; includes, braking down food, releasing energy, and builds up cells
Term
energy:
Definition
the ability to do work; the sun is source of all energy
Term
homeostasis:
Definition
steady state of the internal operation of a living organism regardless of external changes
Term
organism:
Definition
anything capable of carrying on the life processes of reproduction, growth, and development, homeostasis, and organization; more than 2 million organisms have been identified
Term
multicellular organism:
Definition
contain more than one cell
Term
unicellular organism:
Definition
single celled organisms, consist of only one cell
Term
unicellular organism:
Definition
single celled organisms, consist of only one cell
Term
microscope:
Definition
is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye.
Term
magnification:
Definition
The increase in the angle subtended by an object. See the tutorial on telescope function.
Term
resolution:
Definition
the image that you see when looking into a microscope. Can be clear or unclear.
Term
objective:
Definition
Adjustable lens system that permits the use of:-Scanning lens (4x)-Low/medium-power lens (10x)-High-power lens (40x)-Oil immersion lens (100x)
Term
stage:
Definition
large, flat area under the objectives; it has a hole in it (see aperture) that allows light through; the specimen/slide is placed on the stage for viewing.
Term
diaphragm:
Definition
controls amount of light coming through that aperture.
Term
coarse adjustment:
Definition
large, round knob on the side of the microscope used for focusing the specimen; it may move either the stage or the upper part of the microscope.
Term
compound light microscope:
Definition
a microscope that uses two or more lenses or mirrors and a light source to magnify objects
Term
fine adjustment:
Definition
small, round knob on the side of the microscope used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen after using the coarse adjustment knob. Used for high power.
Term
atom:
Definition
the smallest component of an element that has all of it’s properties
Term
proton:
Definition
a positively charged particle
Term
reactants:
Definition
a substance participating in a chemical reaction found at the beginning of a chemical reaction
Term
products:
Definition
the (substance) result in a chemical reaction
Term
solid:
Definition
a state of matter that cant retain its shape and size (definite shape and volume)
Term
gas:
Definition
a state of matter that has no definite shape or volume (takes shape of its container)
Term
enzyme:
Definition
reusable protein that lowers the required activation energy and allows reactions to happen at the normal temperatures of cell (biological catalyst)
Term
free energy:
Definition
amount of energy needed to do work
Term
free energy:
Definition
amount of energy needed to do work
Term
energy:
Definition
the ability to do work
Term
state of matter:
Definition
physical form of matter: solids, liquids, and gasses
Term
liquid:
Definition
state of matter that takes its shape of its container, but has a fixed volume
Term
energy level:
Definition
region outside the nucleus that hold electrons
Term
pH scale:
Definition
indicates the number of hydrogen ions in a solution (scale of 0-14)
Term
solute:
Definition
the substance dissolved by another substance to make a solid
Term
solvent:
Definition
dissolves another substance
Term
acid:
Definition
solution with a pH < 7 -higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
Term
base:
Definition
solution with a pH > 7 -higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions –accepts protons
Term
neutron:
Definition
a particle having no charge/ in nucleus/ weighs same as a proton
Term
electron:
Definition
having a negative charge/ in energy orbital of atom/ lightest particle of atom
Term
ionic bond:
Definition
a chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges/ atoms transfer electrons/ formed between a metal and a non-metal
Term
compound:
Definition
substance with two or more different elements combined chemically
Term
covalent bond:
Definition
when atoms combine by sharing electrons/ formed between two non-metals
Term
molecule:
Definition
combination of two or more atoms joined by a covalent bond
Term
ion:
Definition
a charged atom resulting from an atom’s loss or gain of one or more electrons
Term
element:
Definition
substance composed of only one type of atom/ cannot be broken down/ distinguished by number of protons
Term
solution:
Definition
a homogeneous mixture of different substances in which every part of the mixture is the same
Term
periodic table:
Definition
a table arranging and classifying elements in order of atomic number, also tells chemical symbols and atomic mass
Term
mixture:
Definition
substance made by combining 2 or more compounds/ not chemically bonded
Term
homogeneous mixture:
Definition
same as a solution/ same amount of particles throughout mixture/ mixture of two or more substances
Term
heterogeneous mixture:
Definition
unevenly distributed throughout mixture/ mixture of two or more substances
Term
what are the six elements found in all living things?
Definition
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
Term
the atomic number for carbon is 6. Therefore, the number of protons in carbon is...
Definition
6
Term
name a particle found in the nucleus.
Definition
proton.
Term
what is the maximum number of electrons that han be held in an atom's energy level?
Definition
8
Term
water, is an example of a...
Definition
compound
Term
free energy:
Definition
the energy that is available to use any time
Term
activation energy:
Definition
the amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Term
exergonic reactions:
Definition
reactions that release energy.
Term
Endergonic reactions:
Definition
reactions the require energy.
Term
oxidation reaction:
Definition
reaction in which a substance loses electrons.
Term
reduction reaction:
Definition
the same as an oxidation reaction
Term
The state of matter in which particles move most rapidly is...
Definition
gas
Term
Every chemical reaction involves a...
Definition
transfer of energy from one form to
another.
Term
_________ reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction.
Definition
enzymes
Term
In chemical reactions, the number of each kind of atom in the reactants is...
Definition
the same as the products
Term
__________ involve the transfer of electrons
between atoms.
Definition
redox reactions
Term
Monosaccharide:
Definition
a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
Term
Isomer:
Definition
One of two or more substances composed of the same proportions of elements but differing in some aspect of structure
Term
polar:
Definition
uneven pattern of charges due to an unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bond
Term
cohesion:
Definition
attraction of same material
Term
adhesion:
Definition
attraction between unlike bodies that acts to hold them together
Term
polymer:
Definition
complex molecule made up of smaller components linked together
Term
enzyme:
Definition
biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy in a reaction
Term
lipid:
Definition
large biological molecule that has more hydrogen than oxygen and is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is NON POLAR and does NOT dissolve in water
Term
nucleic acid:
Definition
any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of linked nucleotides
Term
capillarity:
Definition
the movement of water through narrow tubes against the force of gravity
Term
glycosidic acid:
Definition
certain type of functional group that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another, which may be another carbohydrate
Term
peptide bond:
Definition
covalent bond between amino acids
Term
hydrophilic:
Definition
Water loving -- like a sponge
Term
hydrophobic:
Definition
Water hating -- plastic for example
Term
amino acid:
Definition
one of the building blocks of proteins
Term
wax:
Definition
means an organic mixture or compound with low melting point and high molecular weight, which is solid at room temperature. Waxes are generally similar in composition to fats and oils except that they contain no glycerides
Term
steroid:
Definition
A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion
Term
fatty acid:
Definition
a carboxylic acid (an acid with a -COOH group) with long hydrocarbon side chains
Term
functional group:
Definition
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that give it a particular property or characteristic
Term
tissue:
Definition
a group of cells with a related function
Term
organ:
Definition
a structure of 2 or more tissues that work together to carry out a specific function.
Term
system:
Definition
a set of organs that work together to perform a function.
Term
organism:
Definition
a living thing composed of groups of organ systems.
Term
metabolism:
Definition
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
Term
symbiosis:
Definition
a relationship of one type of organism with another.
Term
eukaryotes:
Definition
a complex cell containing membrane bound organelles
Term
prokaryotes:
Definition
a simple cell with no membrane bound organelles or nucleus.
Term
Cell Theory:
Definition
Cells are the basic unit of structure for every living thing

Every living thing is composed of cells

All cells come from preexisting cells by division.
Term
cell:
Definition
the basic structural unit of all living things
Term
What piece of equipment enables us to view cells?
Definition
microscope
Term
Who was the first person to view nonliving plant cells? Because it was a dead cell, what was not visible?
Definition
Robert Hooke viewed plant cells in cork wood. Because it was dead the cell membrane is not visible.
Term
Who was the first person to observe living cells?
Definition
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Term
What functions must a unicellular cell carry out that most multicellular cells of an organism would not?
Definition
All unicellular cells must be able to perform all the functions necessary for life because it is only 1 cell, unlike the multicellular cells; these cells have the ability to carry out very basic functions but each cell does not have to be equipped to do everything.
Term
What is a specialized cell?
Definition
Specialized cells are cells that are adapted for specific functions; and they are dependent on one another. They often have shapes or sizes that enable each type of cell to perform its function more efficiently. Examples: skin cells, nerve cells; blood cells, etc.
Term
What does a nerve cell do and how would you expect it to look?
Definition
A nerve cell is grouped into tissues that extend throughout your body to carry messages to and from your brain from one part of your body to another. I would expect the nerve cells to look like a zig-zag type of cell pattern throughout the body extending from the brain and to all parts of the body.
Term
What are the levels of organization of cells from smallest to largest? And what is the difference between each level?
Definition
The levels of organization are cell, tissue, organ, system, organism and community. Each level involves interdependence with the other levels. Cells form tissues, tissues work together to form organs; organs work together to form systems; systems form organisms and organisms work together to form communities.
Term
What do we find inside the cell in the cytoplasm?
Definition
Inside the cytoplasm we find about 70% water and 30% proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and ions. The exact composition of cytoplasm varies from cell to cell and is always changing because the substances it is made of are constantly involved in chemical reactions.
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