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| Named the "cell" after magnifying a piece of thinly sliced cork |
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| Produced high quality microscopes; Discovered tiny moving organisms that were "alive" (sperm and microorganisms) |
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| Noted the similarity in cells from plants and animals; Concluded that the tissues of animals as well as plants are composed of cells and their products. Cells have a life of their own even when they are part of a multicelled body; Believed that cells form by spontaneous generation |
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| Realized that all cells he studied descended from another living cell |
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| First observed and named nucleus in plant cells (Brown spot) |
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| Disproved spontaneous generation |
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| Hans and Zacharius Janseen |
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| Invented compound microscope |
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| The study of how biological life could arise from inorganic matter through natural process. |
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| A cell's outermost membrane |
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| Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's DNA; Keeps DNA separated from cytoplasm; Makes ribosome subunits; Controls access to DNA |
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| Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon |
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| Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane |
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| Protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacteria and archaea |
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| Organelle of protein synthesis; Attached to rough ER and free in cytoplasm |
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| Finishes, sorts, ships lipids, enzymes, and proteins |
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| Energy powerhouse; Produces many ATP by aerobic respiration |
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| Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; Different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents |
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| Digests, recycles materials; Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion |
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| Special centers that produce and organize microtubules |
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| Cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells |
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| Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists |
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| Semigrid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells; Protects, structurally supports cell |
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| Fluid-filled vesicle in many plants; Isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials |
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| In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled |
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| A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross |
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| Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances |
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| Long, slender cellular structure used for motility |
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| Short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells |
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| The change in direction of a wave due to change in its medium; Light travels through different material at different speeds based on wavelength |
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| Cell junction composed of adhesion proteints; Anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix |
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| Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells |
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| A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey |
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| Difference in concentration between adjoining regions of fluid |
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| Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid |
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| Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins |
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| A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; Carries part or all of a cell's genetic information |
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| Has two fatty acid tails and a head that contains a phosphate group, the tails are hydrophobic but the highly polar phosphate groups makes the head very hydrophilic |
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| The breakdown of red blood cells |
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| The contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypotonic solution, due to the water loss through osmosis |
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| Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it |
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| Diffusion of H2O out of a plant cell placed in hypertonic solution |
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| Water coming in. Higher solute concentration. |
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| Fluids that have the same overall solute concentration |
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| Water going out. Lower solute concentration |
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| Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs capture light energy and use it to make sugars from CO2 and water |
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| Organism that makes its own food using carbon from inorganic molecules such as CO2, and energy fromt he environment |
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| The nucleotide adensosine triphosphate; Has 3 phosphate groups and the bonds between these groups hold a lot of energy |
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| Adenosine disphosphate; Forms when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule |
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| Adenosine monophosphate; One of the phosphate groups in ATP |
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| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; One of the two enzymes that pick up electrons and hydrogen ions released during glycolysis and the krebs cycle; Works with FAD |
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| Flavin adenine dinucleotide; One of the two enzymesthat pick up elections and hydrogen ions released during glycolysis and the krebs cycle; Works with NAD |
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| Semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of chloroplast |
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| A chloroplast's highly folded inner membrane system; Forms a continuous compartment in a stroma. |
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| Passive Transport (Facilitated Transport) |
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| Mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein Requires no energy input |
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| Energy-requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient |
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| One of the two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome |
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| Chromosomes with the same length, shape, and set of genes |
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| Uses magnetic fields to focus a beam of electrons onto a sample. Resolve details thousands of times smaller than light microscopes. |
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| Transmission Electron Microscopes |
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| Direct electrons through through a thin specimen, and the specimen's internal details appear as shadows in the resulting image |
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| Scanning Electron Microscopes |
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| Directs a beam of electrons back and forth across the surface of a specimen that has been coated with a thin layer of metal such as gold. The irradiated metal emits electrons and x-rays, which are converted onto an image of the surface |
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| Explain how a lens works and how this involves refraction |
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| The lens is curved glass that bends the light when it passes through. Focuses light through a specimen, or bounces off of one, into a magnified image |
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| Explain how Pasteur's experiment answered the supports of spontaneous generation. |
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| Microbes did not grow in the broth in the flask, but they did grow in the bottom of the curved portion of the tube extending from the flask. |
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| 1. Every organism is composed of one or more cells 2. Cell is the smallest unit having properties of life 3. Continuity of life arises from growth and division of single cells |
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| Describe the reasons to limit cell size |
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| The bigger a cell is, the less surface area there is per volume (surface-to-volume ration); Above a certain size, material cannot be moved in or out of the cell fast enough |
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| 1-2 Micrometer in size - No internal membranes - Metabolically diverse - Plasma membrane - Cell wall outside the plasma membrane - Bacterial flagellum - Pilus - Cytoplasm, with ribosomes - DNA in nucleoid region - Jelly like capsule around cell wall |
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| 2-100 Micrometers in size - Internal membranes - Compartmentalized processes - Have nucleus and organelles - (plants, animals protistans, fungi) |
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| Membrane is a mosaic of phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols, and proteins. Most phospholipids and some proteins can drift through membrane |
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| Types of Membrane Proteins |
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| Adhesion proteins, communication proteins, receptor proteins, and recognition proteins |
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| Cell Wall - Chloroplast - Plasmodesmata (holes that connect neighboring cells) - Central Vacuole |
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| 12H2O + 6CO2 = 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O |
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| C6H12O + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Definition
a. Duplicated chromosomes begin to condense
b. New microtubules
c. One centriole pair is moved toward opposite pole of spindle
d. Nuclear envelope starts to break up |
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Term
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Definition
a. Spindle forms
i. Consists of two distinct sets of microtubules
ii. Each set extends from one of the cell poles
iii. Two sets overlap at spindle equator
iv. Moves chromosomes during mitosis
b. Spidle microtubules become attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome
c. All chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator
d. Chromosomes are maximally condensed |
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Definition
a. Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart
b. Once separated, each chromatid is a chromosome |
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a. Chromosomes decondense
b. Two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of unduplicated chromosomes |
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| Compare animal and plant cell division. |
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| Animal cells use a cleavage mechanism to divide. Plant cells use cell plate formation |
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| After Mitosis Animal Cell |
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| The spindle disassembles - At the former spindle equator, a ring of microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane contracts - As its diameter shrinks, it pulls the cell surface inward - Contractions continue' the cell is pinched in two |
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| Vesicles cluster at the spindle equator. They contain materials for a new primary cell wall - Vesicle membranes fuse. The wall material is sandwiched between 2 new membranes that lengthen along the plane of a newly forming cell plate - Cellulose is deposited inside the sandwich. In time, these deposists will form two cell walls. Others will form the middle lamella between the walls and cemet them together |
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