• Energy can only be transferred or transformed but cannot be destroyed or created
• amount of energy in the universe is constant

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
• disorder in the universe is always increasing

• create molecules from simpler ones and thus consume energy
  • creation of glucose during photosynthesis

• Breaks down molecules into simpler ones
• releases energy
  • ex: cellular respiration
    • the break down of glusose in the presence of oxygen

• 3 types of cellular work
• energy coupling: to do work that requires energy, cells match these endergonic processes with exergonic processes
  • chemical
    • synthesis of cell materials and components
  • transport
    • such as pumping compounds across membranes against concentration gradients
  • mechanical
    • movement of cells or cellular materials

• the process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen.
• chemical energy in glucose fuels reaction
• at the end co2 h20 and kinetic energy are released and used to regulate ATP

• Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction
• form of potential energy

• require energy
• + delta G
• non spontaneous
• anabolic reactions
  • ex: photosynthesis

• the capacity to cause change
• 2 types
  • potential
  • kinetic

• The total amount of energy in a system
• total potential energy in bonds

• measure of disorder or chaos
• unusable energy
  • heat
  • heat is more chaotic the energy in its original form

• release energy
• spontaneous
• - delta G
• catabolic reactions
  • cellular respiration

• amount of energy available to do work

• the total amount of kinetic energy
• random movement of molecules
• also called thermal energy

• reaction that cannoy occur on its own
• delta G is positive

• reaction that can occur naturally on its own
• delta G is negative