Term
| Shared Characteristics of animals |
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Definition
-heterotrophs
-multicellular
-have cells w/o walls
-able to move around during life cycle
-diverse in form/habitat
-reproduce sexually
-embryonic development
-cells organized into tissues |
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Definition
-cnidarians(coral,jellyfish,anemones)
-arranged around central axis
-can be bisected into 2 equal halves |
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Definition
-other than cnidaria
-has right and left mirrored halves
-sagittal plane bisects animal into two equal halves
-greater mobility and cephalization |
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Term
| a sea anemone has ___ symmetry |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| 4 basic types of animal tissue: |
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Definition
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous |
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Term
| function of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
-lining, transport, secretion, absorption
-cuboidal cells, squamous cells
-outer surfaces are apical ends
-inner surfaces are basal ends
-high rate of cell division in skins and gut |
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Term
| function of connective tissue |
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Definition
-support, strength, elastiity
-cells embedded in an extracellular matrix of prtein fibers that they secrete
-most common is collagen
-forms a netlike framework for organs
-low density when it fills in between organs
-elastin in lung walls and artery walls
-cartilage,adipose tissue, blood |
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Term
| function of muscle tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| function of nervous tissue |
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Definition
| information synthesis, communication, control |
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Definition
-outer surfaces of epithelial cells
-face the air
-ex, skin lungs
-may have cilia or be highly folded |
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Term
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Definition
-inner surfaces
-rest on an extracellular matrix called a basal lamina |
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Term
| maintenance of teh conditions in the internal environment of an animal is called_______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-network of collagen fibers
-embedded in a flexible matrix of proteins and carbohydrates
-found in external ears, nose, and trachea |
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Term
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Definition
connective tissue that forms and stores droplets of fat'
-serves as a fuel reserve and protects internal organs, and insulation |
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Definition
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Definition
| -nervous system and endocrine system |
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Definition
| causes effectors to reduce or reverse a process |
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Definition
| tells a regulatory system to amplify a response |
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Definition
| signals the system to change the setpoint |
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Term
| most cell function is limited to the range between____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-the rate of a reaction
-Q10=Rt/Rt-10
most values are between 2 and 3
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Term
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Definition
-how an animal responds to environmental temps
-maintain a constant body temperature
-ex, birds and mammals |
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Term
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Definition
-how an animal responds to environmental temps
-body temp changes when environmental temp changes.
-ex. insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles |
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Term
| animals can be classified by temperature by... |
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Definition
-how they respond to environemntal temp.--homeotherms, poikilotherms
-sources of heat that determine their body temp.--ecto/endotherms |
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Term
| Mammals and birds are said to be warm blooded. they are also said to be____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-aside from mammals and birds
-depend on external heat
-metabolism decreases as air temp decreases
-use behavior to help regulate body temp
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Term
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Definition
-mammals and birds
-generate metabolic heat and/or by preventing heat loss by using insulating materials
-metabolic rate increases as temp decreases |
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Term
| In ectotherms the metabolic rate____when the temp increases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-heat is lost
-a stream of air is below body surface temp |
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Term
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Definition
| -direct transfer of heat when objects of different temperatures come into contact |
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Term
| in fish, heat is exchanged through... |
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Definition
| countercurrent heat exchanger |
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Term
| countercurrent heat exchanger |
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Definition
| a structural plan that allows cool blood returning from the gills to be warmed by warm blood from the muscles |
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Term
| the BMR of an endotherm is ______ that of an ectotherm |
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Definition
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Term
| the BMR per gram of tissue____as animals get smallerr |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-used in nonshivering heat production
-specialized adipose tissue
-looks brown because of its abundant mitochondria and rich blood supply
-have the protein thermogenin to uncouple proton movement from ATP production
-commonly found in newborn infants and animals that hibernate |
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Term
| endotherm adaptions in cold environments |
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Definition
-reduction of surface-to-volume ratios of body by short appendages and roung body shapes
-thermal insulation
-decreasing blood flow to the skin by constricting blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
-hypothalamus
-temperature of hypothalamus is the major source of feedback information
-negative feedback system
-mammals can shift the hypothalamic set points
-set points are higher during wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
-a rise in body temperature
-in response to pyrogens(endo/exogenous) |
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Term
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Definition
-chemical
-can be exo or endogenous
-cause a rise in the hypothalamic set point, body temp rises until it matches teh new set point |
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Term
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Definition
-released by macrophages to pyrogens
-chemicals that signal other cells and trigger other responses
-release prostaglandins |
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Term
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Definition
-an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis
-lowers the set point and reduces fever |
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Term
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Definition
-adaptive hypothermia
-drops body temperature to save metabolic energy
-ex. hummingbirds |
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Term
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Definition
-regulated hypothermia lasting days or weeks
-ex. poorwill
-metabolic rate =1/50 of normal bmr |
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Term
| warm water holds ___ o2 than cold water |
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Definition
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Term
| reduced p02=_____diffusion rate of o2 into cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
insect system for gas exchange
-branched tubules |
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Term
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Definition
-beginning of trachaea
-in insects
-openings on the outside of the body which admit air |
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Term
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Definition
-in fish
-water flows out of them |
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Term
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Definition
-each gill in fish has hundreds of them
-each filament is covered in lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
-each gill in fish has hundreds of them
-each filament is covered in lamellae
-unidirectional blood flow
-afferent and efferent blood vessels for countercurrent flow |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
-more efficient than mammals
-air flows unidirectionally thru lungs
-air sacs that arent gas exchange surfaces
-bronchi divide into parabronchi || to eachother which branch into air capillaries
-1 breath=2 cycles |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| additional volume of air taken in by inhaling deepply |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| the additional volume we can exhale |
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Term
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Definition
| tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume |
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Term
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Definition
characteristics of breathing can be measured
-measured volume |
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Term
| two adaptations that aid the breathing process in mammals |
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Definition
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Term
| an increase in volume creates____pressure inside the ppleural cavity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
it pushes upward
-exhalation occurs
-intercostal muscles lift the ribs up and out |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| delivers o2 to the environmental sid eof the exchange surface |
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Term
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Definition
| deliverse co2 to the exchange surface where it diffuses out and swept away by ventilation |
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Term
| as o2 diffuses into the blood... |
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Definition
-it binds to hemoglobin
-increasing the p02 gradient
-and driving diffusion of 02 into red blood cells |
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Term
| when p02 of blood plasma is high hemoglobin... |
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Definition
| can carry four molecules of 02 |
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Term
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Definition
influences the binding of 02 to hemoglobin
-binding the first molcule makes the second binding easier |
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Term
| hemoglobin releases its reserve 02 only when.. |
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Definition
| the p02 in tissue falls below 40 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
-in muscle cells
-oxygen-binding molecule
-can bind one molecule of 02
-higher affinity than hemoglobin
-high concentration in diving mammals |
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Term
| hemoglobin in human fetuses |
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Definition
| 2 alpha and two gamma globin chanins |
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Term
| co2 is transported into the blood plasma as... |
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Definition
bicarbonate ion
-carbonic anhydrase is produced by blood cells, which speeds conversion of c02 to h2co3
-reduces the partial pressure of c02, promoting diffusion out of cells |
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Term
| breathing is controlled by the ____ nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| breathing rhythm is controlled by the ____part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| experiments with breathing showed... |
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Definition
-co2 sensitivity is high but 02 is low
-c02 concentration in the blood is the main feedback information for controlling breathing rate |
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Term
| 02 and c02 sensors are located... |
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Definition
02= carotid and aortic bodies
c02=on medulla near neurons for rhythm |
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Term
| fresh water fish osmoregulation |
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Definition
-large amounts of dilute urine
-water must be retained |
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Term
| osmorregulation in salt water fish |
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Definition
-small amnts of concentrated urine
-excess solutes are excreted |
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Term
| birds that feed on marine animals get rid of excess salt via... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-mammals, amphibians, cartilaginous fishes
-excrete urea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-birds, insects, reptiles
-excrete uric acid |
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Term
| annelid nitrogen excretion |
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Definition
-blood is filtered thru capillary walls and accumulates in coelom
-fluid is then processed by metanephridia
-secretion occurs in the tubules and leaves through nephridiopores |
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Term
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Definition
-paired strucutres in each annelid body segment
-begins as a ciliated, funnel-like opening called a nephrostome |
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Term
| breakdown of ____produces nitrogenous waste. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-excretory system in insects
-attach to the gut and are closed at the other end
-actively transport uric acid, k+, and Na+ into the tubules
-muscle fibers help move the tubule content toward the hindgut |
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