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Biology Lab Practical #3
N/A
52
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/28/2012

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Term
In linear growth...
Definition

a fixed number of cells reproduce in each geneneration

*independent of population size

Term
In linear growth, the rate of increase in rate and slope are...
Definition
constant
Term
In exponential growth...
Definition
a fixed proportion of cells reproduce
Term
In exponential growth, rate of increase and slope are...
Definition
NOT constant, they are constantly changing
Term
In exponential growth, growth rate is ______ to population size
Definition
proportional
Term
lag phase of logistic growth
Definition

# of births is greater than # of deaths

*growth is slow because of the small # of individuals in the population

Term
log phase of logistic growth
Definition

birth rate is much greater than death rate

*population growth is very rapid

Term
stationary phase of logistic growth
Definition

birth rates equal death rates

*carrying capacity limits growth rate (food becomes scarce, room runs out, and pollution rises)

Term
carrying capacity (K)
Definition

restrictive factors in a given environment such as resource and space limitations, competition, or predation

*only affects large populations

Term
Logistic growth is influenced by...
Definition
the difference btwn. carrying capacity and population size
Term
Equation for linear growth
Definition

dN = c

 

Term
Equation for unrestricted exponential growth
Definition

dN = rN

Term
Equation for logistic growth
Definition

dN = rN(K-N)

dt           K  

Term
how does r affect rate of growth?
Definition
the larger the value of r, the shorter amount of time it will take to reach its carrying capacity
Term
what affects carrying capacity
Definition

NOTHING, carrying capacity is constant

*build up of waste, competition, predation, space all limit K

Term
Why do populations oscillate around the carrying capacity?
Definition
In the beginning of a population, the population size can exceed the carrying capacity because babies use less energy, but as more mature organisms develop, they require more space and energy, therefore decreasing the oscillations and keeping the population more constant around the carrying capacity
Term
Atomic building blocks
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur
Term
How can a single resource affect the carrying capacity of a population?
Definition
Increasing a single resource can increase a population's carrying capacity to a certain extent, and then it is space that becomes the limiting factor
Term
niche
Definition
the range of resources a species can use
Term
when niches overlap...
Definition
competition occurs because two or more organisms attempt to simultaneously use the same limited resource
Term
Ocillations between predator/prey:
Definition
The predator may have a smaller population size, but it will have fewer oscillations, and will stay more constant. The prey may have a larger population size, but will have larger oscillations. 
Term
The multicellular, diploid plant that grows from a zygote is called a...
Definition
sporophyte
Term
When there are two chromosomes of each type in a cell, the cell is...
Definition
diploid
Term
gametes
Definition
eggs and sperm used in reproduction
Term
eggs and sperm are...
Definition
haploid-they contain only one of each chromosome
Term
process of diploid sporophyts making haploid gametes:
Definition

1) certain cells within the sporophyte body undergo a cell division process called meiosis

2) meiosis produces cells that contain only one chromosome of each type

3) haploid cells that result from meiosis in plants are called spores

Term
haploid spores grow...
Definition
by way of mitotic division, producing a gametophyte, which then produces gametes-eggs and sperm
Term
Animalia is split into 2 large chunks:
Definition
Porifera (aka Parazoa) and Eumetazoans
Term
Eumetazoans are split into 2 groups:
Definition
radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals
Term
Bilaterally symmetrical animals are split into 2 groups:
Definition
animals having protosome embryos and animals having deuterostome embryos
Term
Protosomes are split into 3 groups:
Definition
Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomate
Term
Radially symmetrical animals:
Definition
phylum cnidaria and phylum ctenophora
Term
Difference btwn Protostome and Deuterostome
Definition

Protostome=mouth develops first

Deuterostome= anus develops first

Term
Difference btwn acoelomate and pseudocoelomates and coelomates:
Definition

acoelomate= space btwn tubes is completely filled with mesoderm

pseudocoelomate= empty space btwn tubes not filled with cells; mesodermal cells lines inner surface of body

coelomate= space btwn tubes is not filled; mesodermal cells line inner surface of body and digestive system

Term
what does a simulator do?
Definition
determines allele frequencies for a population from the initial genotype frequencies
Term
evolution
Definition
change in the allele or genotype frequencies of a population over time
Term
population
Definition
localized group of interbreeding species members
Term
gene pool
Definition
the entire collection of alleles in a population
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic composition of an individual
Term
allele
Definition
each gene variant is a particular allele
Term
genotype frequency
Definition
fraction of a population with a particular genotype
Term
allele frequency
Definition
fraction of a particular allele in the populations gene pool
Term
Hardy-Weinberg Law states:
Definition

in the absence of evolutionary forces, the allele and genotype frequencies of a sufficiently large population do not change

*a large population that obeys this law has the same allele and genotype frequency generation after generation

Term

How do you calculate the frequency of AA genotype with Hardy-Weinberg criteria?

 

How do you calculate the frequency of aa genotype with Hardy-Weinberg criteria?

Definition

(frequency of "A" allele)2= frequency of AA genotype

 

(frequency of "a" allele)2= frequency of aa genoptype

Term
How do you find the frequency of Aa genotype with Hardy-Weinberg criteria?
Definition
2(frequency of "a" allele) X (frequency of "A" allele)
Term
how do you calculate gene pool size w/o HW criteria?
Definition
add up all of the alleles in the population (add all of the letters together)
Term
how do you calculate the frequency of "A" allele w/o HW criteria?
Definition
add all of the "A" alleles and divide by total gene pool size
Term
how do you calculate the frequency of "AA" genotype w/o HW criteria?
Definition
add all of the "AA" genotypes and divide by the total # of genotypes
Term

If HW criteria is not met....

(ex. gives you freq. of "H" allele = 0.7, what is the freq. of "h" allele?)

Definition
frequency of "h" allele= 1 - frequency of "H" allele
Term
5 assumptions of HW criteria for genetic equilibrium in a population:
Definition

1) population must be so large that chance alone cannot    significantly alter allele frequency

2) Population must be isolated so none of its member may leave (emigrate) now be loined from elsewhere (immigrate)

3) Random mating                                                         

4) No genetic mutations                                                 

5) No natural selection                                                   

Term
Does a population evolve if it meets all 5 HW assumptions:
Definition

No because...

1) there are no mutations                                            

2) the population is isolated                                         

3) the population would be at an equilibrium which is not possible

Term
In real populations are all of the HW assumptions ever met?
Definition
No becuase natural selection is at work at all times and the other criteria are rarely ever met
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