Term
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Definition
a fixed number of cells reproduce in each geneneration
*independent of population size |
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Term
| In linear growth, the rate of increase in rate and slope are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed proportion of cells reproduce |
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Term
| In exponential growth, rate of increase and slope are... |
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Definition
| NOT constant, they are constantly changing |
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Term
| In exponential growth, growth rate is ______ to population size |
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Definition
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Term
| lag phase of logistic growth |
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Definition
# of births is greater than # of deaths
*growth is slow because of the small # of individuals in the population |
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Term
| log phase of logistic growth |
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Definition
birth rate is much greater than death rate
*population growth is very rapid |
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Term
| stationary phase of logistic growth |
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Definition
birth rates equal death rates
*carrying capacity limits growth rate (food becomes scarce, room runs out, and pollution rises) |
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Term
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Definition
restrictive factors in a given environment such as resource and space limitations, competition, or predation
*only affects large populations |
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Term
| Logistic growth is influenced by... |
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Definition
| the difference btwn. carrying capacity and population size |
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Term
| Equation for linear growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Equation for unrestricted exponential growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Equation for logistic growth |
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Definition
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Term
| how does r affect rate of growth? |
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Definition
| the larger the value of r, the shorter amount of time it will take to reach its carrying capacity |
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Term
| what affects carrying capacity |
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Definition
NOTHING, carrying capacity is constant
*build up of waste, competition, predation, space all limit K |
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Term
| Why do populations oscillate around the carrying capacity? |
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Definition
| In the beginning of a population, the population size can exceed the carrying capacity because babies use less energy, but as more mature organisms develop, they require more space and energy, therefore decreasing the oscillations and keeping the population more constant around the carrying capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur |
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Term
| How can a single resource affect the carrying capacity of a population? |
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Definition
| Increasing a single resource can increase a population's carrying capacity to a certain extent, and then it is space that becomes the limiting factor |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of resources a species can use |
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Term
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Definition
| competition occurs because two or more organisms attempt to simultaneously use the same limited resource |
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Term
| Ocillations between predator/prey: |
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Definition
| The predator may have a smaller population size, but it will have fewer oscillations, and will stay more constant. The prey may have a larger population size, but will have larger oscillations. |
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Term
| The multicellular, diploid plant that grows from a zygote is called a... |
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Definition
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Term
| When there are two chromosomes of each type in a cell, the cell is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eggs and sperm used in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid-they contain only one of each chromosome |
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Term
| process of diploid sporophyts making haploid gametes: |
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Definition
1) certain cells within the sporophyte body undergo a cell division process called meiosis
2) meiosis produces cells that contain only one chromosome of each type
3) haploid cells that result from meiosis in plants are called spores |
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Term
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Definition
| by way of mitotic division, producing a gametophyte, which then produces gametes-eggs and sperm |
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Term
| Animalia is split into 2 large chunks: |
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Definition
| Porifera (aka Parazoa) and Eumetazoans |
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Term
| Eumetazoans are split into 2 groups: |
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Definition
| radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals |
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Term
| Bilaterally symmetrical animals are split into 2 groups: |
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Definition
| animals having protosome embryos and animals having deuterostome embryos |
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Term
| Protosomes are split into 3 groups: |
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Definition
| Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomate |
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Term
| Radially symmetrical animals: |
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Definition
| phylum cnidaria and phylum ctenophora |
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Term
| Difference btwn Protostome and Deuterostome |
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Definition
Protostome=mouth develops first
Deuterostome= anus develops first |
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Term
| Difference btwn acoelomate and pseudocoelomates and coelomates: |
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Definition
acoelomate= space btwn tubes is completely filled with mesoderm
pseudocoelomate= empty space btwn tubes not filled with cells; mesodermal cells lines inner surface of body
coelomate= space btwn tubes is not filled; mesodermal cells line inner surface of body and digestive system |
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Term
| what does a simulator do? |
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Definition
| determines allele frequencies for a population from the initial genotype frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the allele or genotype frequencies of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| localized group of interbreeding species members |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire collection of alleles in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic composition of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| each gene variant is a particular allele |
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Term
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Definition
| fraction of a population with a particular genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| fraction of a particular allele in the populations gene pool |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Law states: |
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Definition
in the absence of evolutionary forces, the allele and genotype frequencies of a sufficiently large population do not change
*a large population that obeys this law has the same allele and genotype frequency generation after generation |
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Term
How do you calculate the frequency of AA genotype with Hardy-Weinberg criteria?
How do you calculate the frequency of aa genotype with Hardy-Weinberg criteria? |
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Definition
(frequency of "A" allele)2= frequency of AA genotype
(frequency of "a" allele)2= frequency of aa genoptype |
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Term
| How do you find the frequency of Aa genotype with Hardy-Weinberg criteria? |
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Definition
| 2(frequency of "a" allele) X (frequency of "A" allele) |
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Term
| how do you calculate gene pool size w/o HW criteria? |
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Definition
| add up all of the alleles in the population (add all of the letters together) |
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Term
| how do you calculate the frequency of "A" allele w/o HW criteria? |
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Definition
| add all of the "A" alleles and divide by total gene pool size |
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Term
| how do you calculate the frequency of "AA" genotype w/o HW criteria? |
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Definition
| add all of the "AA" genotypes and divide by the total # of genotypes |
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Term
If HW criteria is not met....
(ex. gives you freq. of "H" allele = 0.7, what is the freq. of "h" allele?) |
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Definition
| frequency of "h" allele= 1 - frequency of "H" allele |
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Term
| 5 assumptions of HW criteria for genetic equilibrium in a population: |
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Definition
1) population must be so large that chance alone cannot significantly alter allele frequency
2) Population must be isolated so none of its member may leave (emigrate) now be loined from elsewhere (immigrate)
3) Random mating
4) No genetic mutations
5) No natural selection |
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Term
| Does a population evolve if it meets all 5 HW assumptions: |
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Definition
No because...
1) there are no mutations
2) the population is isolated
3) the population would be at an equilibrium which is not possible |
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Term
| In real populations are all of the HW assumptions ever met? |
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Definition
| No becuase natural selection is at work at all times and the other criteria are rarely ever met |
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