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Biology Lab Practical #1
N/A
93
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/24/2012

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Term
Microscopy
Definition
Allows you to see microscopic beings that aren't visible to the naked eye
Term
Magnification
Definition
Microscopes use lenses to make objects appear larger
Term
Resolution
Definition
Allows you to see fine details and gives you the ability to distinguish two objects that are close together as being two objects.
Term
Contrast
Definition
Objects absorbtion and transmission of light so some appear darker and some appear lighter
Term
Staining
Definition
A technique used to enhance contrast
Term
Stereomicroscope Viewing Range
Definition
a few hundredths of a millimeter to about one centimeter
Term
Interpupillary Distance
Definition
Distance between your eyes on the microscope
Term
Light Switches
Definition
Left switch is upper light and right switch is lower light
Term
Upper Light
Definition

 

Used to view opaque (non-transparent) objects

Term
Lower Light
Definition
Used to view transparent objects
Term
Focusing Knob
Definition
Sharpens the image
Term
Magnification Knob
Definition
Increases or decreases the apparent size of the object in view
Term
Diopter Ring
Definition
On left eyepiece of Nikon Microscope and allows you to precisely adjust the sharpness of the image
Term
Nosepiece
Definition

Contains the 4 objectives and can be rotated to change objectives

(4X, 10X, 40X, 100X objectives)

(Shortest to Longest)

Term
Total Magnification
Definition

Product of eyepice and objective lens magnifications

(Eyepiece magnification=10X)

Term
Mechanical Stage
Definition
Holds caliper
Term
Caliper
Definition
Holds slide in place
Term
Stage Controls
Definition

Moves the slide.

Lower Knob=moves slide left and right

Upper knob=moves the slide towards or away from you

Term
Focusing Knob
Definition

Sharpen the image

 

Term
Course Focusing Knob
Definition

Only used with 4X and 10X objective

moces the stage up or down quite a distance

Term
Fine Focusing Knob
Definition

Used with any magnification objective

Moves the stage vertically only a small distance

Term
Condensor
Definition
Contains an iris diaphragm
Term
Iris Diaphragm
Definition
Can be opened to permit m ore light to illuminate the slide
Term
Size of Bacillus
Definition
0.01 mm
Term
Size of Human Cheek Cell/Amoeba
Definition
0.1 mm
Term
Size of Chick Embryo
Definition
4 mm
Term
Leica (Stereomicroscope)
Definition

Magnifies up to 30X

Used to view specimens from a few hundredths of a mm to one cm

Used for things you can usually already see with the naked eye, but want to see in more detail

Allows you to see specimen in 3D

Term
Leica Parts
Definition
Light Switches, Base, Eyepiece, Magnification Control Knob, and Focusing Knob (increase resolution)
Term
Nikon (Compound) Microscope
Definition

Allows magnification up to 1000X

Used for specimens smaller than .1 mm to a couple mm

Normally specimen is not visible to the naked eye

Specimen needs to be extremely thin so light can pass through, but this gets rid of 3D shape

Term
Nikon Parts
Definition
Power switch, light source, condensor with diaphragm, fine focus, course focus, stage controls, mechanical stage, caliper, nosepiece, objectives, eyepiece with pointer, eyepiece with diopter
Term
Electrophoresis
Definition
One major way to separate and identify proteins
Term
Electrophoretic Separation
Definition
Depends on the net electrical charge of proteins
Term
If a protein has a negative net charge...
Definition
it will migrate to the positive pole of the field
Term
If a protein has a positive net charge...
Definition
it will migrate to the negate pole of the field
Term
If a protein has no net charge...
Definition
it won't go toward either field
Term
Carboxyl Group charge
Definition
negative
Term
Amino Group charge
Definition
positve
Term
5 Amino Acids with Ionic R Groups
Definition

Ionic R group=charged

Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, and histidine

Term
Isoelectric Point
Definition
at some point on pH scale where a protein will have no net charge
Term
Independent Variable
Definition

Property that you change or manipulate in a systematic way

~the pH of the buffer (4,6,8)

Term
Dependent Variable
Definition

Outcome affected by the independent variable

~electrical charge on protein

Term
Graph of pH and Net Charge on Protein
Definition

Inverse relationship between pH of buffer and charge of protein (Downward slope to the right)

 

Higher pH=lower net charge or more negative

Term
Property that Influences Protein Migration
Definition
Net electrical charge of protein; ionic R group is responsible for this property
Term
At a higher pH...
Definition

H+ ion concentration decreases

 

H+ ions stick on proteins and cause it to have a positive charge; lower pH leads to higher H+ concentration

Term
Membrane Permeability
Definition
How fast solutes cross a membrane
Term
Permeable
Definition
ability of a molecule to pass through a cell's membrane
Term
Impermeable
Definition
molecule is unable to pass through a cell's membrane
Term
Red Blood Cell Plasma Membrane
Definition
relatively simple;composed largely of phospholipids with very few proteins
Term
Dependent Variable in Cell Membrane Permeability Lab
Definition
permeability
Term
Independent Variable in Cell Membrane Permeability Lab
Definition
Size, charge, lipid solubility
Term
H50 (Hemolysis 50)
Definition
Time required to reach one-half the maximum value indicated by the plot
Term
Turbid
Definition
Mixture is cloudy
Term
Spectrometer Instructions fro Membrane Permeability
Definition

1. Without any blank in the holder, turn the left knob to 0% transmittance which is 100% absorption

2. Put the blank in and turn the right knob to 100% transmittance which is 0% absorption

Transmittance=top numbers (right knob)

Absorption=bottom numbers (left knob)

 

Term
Transmittance
Definition
Right knob; amount of light that passes through; upper number reading on the scale
Term
Absorption
Definition
Left knob; amount of light absorbed; lower number reading on the scale
Term
Charged Ions
Definition
Not permeable (no lysis); ex: sodium and chloride ions
Term
Size
Definition
As size increases, the molecule becomes less permeable (inverse relationship); Ex: Urea, Glycerol, Glucose
Term
Lipid Solubility
Definition

As lipid solubility increases, the molecule becomes more permeable (direct relationship~increasing slope to the right); more CH or nonpolar bonds=more permeable

*Lipid solubility "trumps" size!

Term
How to find H50
Definition

time it takes to lysis - starting point (bigger #)+ starting amount = H50

Term
As H50 increases...
Definition
permeability decreases
Term
As the size of a molecule increases...
Definition
permeability decreases
Term
As solute concentration increases...
Definition
water potential decreases
Term
As molecular weight increases...
Definition
permeability decreases
Term
Hemolysis
Definition
When the cells burst from having too much water diffused into them; when the solution becomes clear
Term
As lipid solubility increases...
Definition

permeability increases

*direct relationship

Term
Prokaryote
Definition
Archaea and Bacteria
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
Protist and fungi
Term
Archaea
Definition
Similar characteristics to Eukaryotes; live in hostile environments such as salty, hot, or acidic
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Most familiar Prokaryote; can be heterotrophic or autotrophic; cell walls contain peptidoglycan distinguished by 3 different shapes
Term
Cocci
Definition
Spherical
Term
Bacilli
Definition
Rod-shaped
Term
Spirilla
Definition
Helical
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
Organism that feeds on other things; aerobic=requires oxygen; anaerobic=does not require energy
Term
Autotrophic
Definition
self-feeders; ones that acquire energy from light=photosynthetic autotrophs
Term
Protist
Definition
Nuclei bounded by nuclear membrane; diplomads, rhizaria and amoebozoans, euglenids and kinetoplastids, alveolata, stramenopila, rhodophytes, and slime molds
Term
Diplomonads
Definition

simple protist that lacks mitochondria but have 2 nuclei, move by way of flagella, looks like a face; heterotroph

GIARDIA

Term
Rhizaria
Definition

Move by way of pseudopodia which are stiff and project out to catch food; heterotroph

RADIOLARA

Term
Amoebozoans
Definition

Move by way of pseudopodia which extend, reach out, attach, and pull an amoeba along; allow amoeba to engulf food particles from environment; heterotroph

AMOEBA PROTEUS

Term
Euglenid
Definition

Move by way of flagella; some are photosynthetic; autotroph

EUGLENA

Term
Kinetoplastids
Definition

Move by way of flagella; have one large mitochondrion that contains kinetoplast; kinetoplast contains DNA and proteins that help with mitochondrial function; autotroph

TRYPANOSOMA (sleeping sickness)

Term
Ciliates
Definition

Move by way of cilia; unicellular; specialized regions for feeding, excretion, and locomotion; heterotrophic

PARAMECIUM

Term
Apicomplexa
Definition

disease causing internal parasites of animals; unicellular; heterotrophic

PLASMODIUM

Term
Dinoflagellate
Definition

unicellular; photosynthetic (chlorophyll a and c); autotrophic; moves by way of flagella; "shells" of cellulose and silica give it it's shape

PERIDINIUM

Term
Diatoms
Definition

move by way of 2 flagellas; phosynthetic (cholorphyll a and c); autotrophic; unicellular; silica/calcium in cell wall

DIATOMS

 

Term
Brown Algae
Definition

photosynthetic (chlorophyll a and c); multicellular; autotrophic

SARGASSUM and FUCUS

Term
Rhodophytes
Definition

seaweeds; autotrophic; photosynthetic (cholorphyll a and d)

BATRACHOSPERMUM

Term
Plasmodium
Definition

heterotrophic (take in food by phagocytosis); acellular; sometimes produces spores; multinucleated

PHYSARUM

Term
Fungi
Definition

heterotrophic; cell walls made of chitin; multinucleate

zygomycota, basidiomycota, ascomycota

ALL END IN -MYCOTA

Term
Zygomycota
Definition

reproduce sexually by having the hyphae of adjoining individuals extending branches taht make contact, coalesce, and form gametes that fuse together to form a zygote that then can develop into an individual

RHIZOPUS

Term
Basidiomycota (The Club Fungi)
Definition

reproduce sexually via basidia

Ex: mushrooms you see walking through the woods

CLUB MUSHROOM

Term
Ascomycota (The Sac Fungi)
Definition

very diverse group; heterotrophic; reproduce sexually via asci structures that contain spores

SACCHAROMYCES (YEAST)

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