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Biology Lab
lab definition
61
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/29/2010

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Term
fitness
Definition
individuals in the population are genetically better suited to compete for resources
Term
most fit
Definition
individuals that have the genes that make them the best adapted to a particular set of conditions
Term
differential reproductive success
Definition
more fit organisms will reproduce more than the less fit organisms
Term
heterozygote advantage
Definition
mutation is present in a single copy
Term
anecdotal
Definition
result of informal observation passed from one generation to the next
Term
ethology
Definition
organized study of animal behavior
Term
behavior
Definition
describes the responses of an organism to signals from its environment
Term
innate
Definition
behavior patterns which are inborn and genetically programmed, involves no learning
Term
learned
Definition
behavior patterns acquired by the organism as a result of experience, acquired a predictable response to a given stimulus
Term
habituation
Definition
allows an organism to ignore repeated stimuli that are not followed by something which is either beneficial or detrimental
Term
taxis
Definition
instinctual response in which an animal moves either toward or away from a stimulus
Term
phototaxis
Definition
response to light
Term
geotaxis
Definition
response to gravity
Term
releaser
Definition
sensory cue which triggers behaviors
Term
mutagens
Definition
agents that speed the rate of a mutation
Term
mutation
Definition
changes that occur to the DNA
Term
selective forces
Definition
provide an advantage to certain individuals carrying certain genes
Term
evolution
Definition
changes to the population over many generations
Term
survival of the fittest
Definition
survival of your genes, passing them onto the next generation
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
males and females have very different appearances
Term
dominance hierarchy
Definition
social ranking system where animals know their place in the group
Term
mitosis
Definition
eukaryotic cell division, for growth, replacement of cells and repair of tissues
Term
DNA
Definition
genetic material of the cell
Term
mass of extra cells
Definition
tumor
Term
cancer
Definition
lack of regulation of the cell cycle
Term
chromosomes
Definition
DNA occurs on these special linear structures
Term
centromere
Definition
2 copies of chromosomes are joined together at special region of the chromosome
Term
sister chromatids
Definition
2 DNA double helices that compose the chromosome
Term
furrow
Definition
cytoplasm pinches in and forms two daughter cells
Term
cell plate
Definition
region of new membranes and new cell wall material that forms in the middle of the cell and moves outward
Term
gene
Definition
simply a region of DNA on the chromosome that has information to produce a single protein and typically influences a single trait
Term
diploid
Definition
somatic cell that contains all of its chromosome pairs, each chromosome is represented by 2 copies
Term
allele
Definition
different version of genes
Term
dominant
Definition
allele that can mask the presence of another
Term
recessive
Definition
allele that is hidden (only seen if both inherited alleles are recessive)
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic make up of an individual
Term
homozygous dominant
Definition
2 dominant alleles
Term
heterozygous
Definition
1 dominant and 1 recessive allele
Term
homozygous recessive
Definition
2 recessive alleles
Term
phenotype
Definition
physical appearance or behavior of an individual
Term
glycoproteins (antigens)
Definition
red blood cells have markers on their cell membranes called
Term
Rh+
Definition
individuals that have at least one of the dominant alleles for the Rh factor
Term
Rh-
Definition
individuals must have two recessive alleles for the Rh factor
Term
autosome
Definition
44 chromosomes of a human that do not code for sexual characteristics
Term
sex-linked traits
Definition
traits that are inherited by genes on the sex chromosomes
Term
hemizygous
Definition
males can only receive one allele and so they show that allele (y chromosome)
Term
good mutation
Definition
cause the formation of an allele that makes an organism better fit to survive than the original allele
Term
bad mutation
Definition
cause the formation of an allele that may diminish the survival of the organism
Term
indifferent mutation
Definition
cause the formation of an allele that is no different from the original and therfore does not change the fitness of the organism or its survival
Term
mutagenic agent
Definition
any substance that can cause a mutation
Term
mutagenic agent
Definition
any substance that can cause a mutation
Term
the lethal effect
Definition
mutations induced must be so serious that the organism can't continue to live
Term
non-lethal effect
Definition
loss of pigment, mutated cells los the ability to form pigment; these cells divide and form white colonies
Term
biotechnology
Definition
use of living things to solve problems or make useful items
Term
recombinant DNA technology
Definition
joining of DNA from two different sources
Term
single nucleotide polymorphism
Definition
one nucleotide that is different in the sequence of the tasting versus non-tasting allele
Term
restriction enzyme
Definition
bacteria produce these enzymes for the purposes of cutting DNA of other organisms in the environment in order to protect themselves
Term
gel electrophoresis
Definition
method for separating DNA pieces based on their size
Term
2 pieces of DNA
Definition
homozygous dominant
Term
3 pieces of DNA
Definition
heterozygous
Term
1 piece of DNA
Definition
homozygous recessive
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