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| a tentative answer to a problem or question that is being asked |
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| considered a reproducible scientific fact |
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| measured by the experimenter |
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| controlled by the experimenter |
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| known samples used to compare against unknown experimental samples |
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| the classification of living things into groups |
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| a system of taxonomic classification, developed by Carols Linnaeus, based on structural similarities between organisms |
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| biologists use this to classify organisms into taxa (into taxanomic groups) |
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| biologists use this for taxonomic classification - it is made up of 8 hierarchical levels, starting from the most inclusive (Domain) to the least inclusive (species) |
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Small organic molecules with few functional groups; basic unit of polymeric chain; difficult to break into individual atoms
Ex: fatty acid, amino acid, nucleotide, monosaccharide |
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| macromolecules made up of large "chains" of monomers (1000's long); many funtional groups (very reactive); easy to break down into monomers. Ex: Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (dna and rna), carbohydrates |
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| particular arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule which is able to participate in certain chemical reactions |
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| an important functional group (group of atoms on a molecule that are reactive) of organic compounds (C-OH) C is bonded to an OH and can form 3 other bonds |
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| (C=O) C is double bound to an O and has 2 available spaces that it can create covalent bonds (since C has four bonds available originally) |
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C double bound to an O (C=O with -OH attached to the bottom);
can only bond covalently to one more atom |
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| cells link monomers together to form polymers through a reaction called ___________ (or dehydration) |
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| "water-breaking", essentially the reverse of condensation, when cells break down polymers into component monomers, removing a water molecule. |
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| carbohydrate monomers that generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O (all of these contain hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group) |
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| polymers of 3+ monosaccharides (usually 1000's of monosaccharides long; usually function as either long-term energy storage molecules (starch in plants/glycogen in animals)or as structural components (i.e. cellulose in plants) |
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| REDOX (oxidation-reduction) reactions |
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| reactions where electrons "jump from one molecule to another; whenever an atom is reduced, another is oxidized |
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| A test that uses copper ions to detect the presence of many saccharides. Some disaccharides, all monosaccharides, and no polysaccharides are oxidized by Copper ions when in solution. Copper ions are able to gain electrons from the saccharides via a Redox reaction, changing from positively charged ions to uncharged copper metal atoms. Since copper ions are blue and copper metal is orange, this reaction is rather dramatic and makes an excellent test for detecting certain saccharides |
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| This test detects the presence of polysaccharides through color change due to reaction of the 3-dimensional structure of the polysaccharide with iodine atoms. |
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| an organic molecule about the same size as a monosaccharide, but with different funtional groups than carbohydrates. Each _______ has an amino group, a carboxyl group, one of twenty funtional R-groups. |
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| 3 or more amino acids linked together |
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| Each amino acid has its own unique funtional group which makes it different from all other amino acids. This unique functional group gives the amino acid certain biochemical properties such as being hydrophobic or hydrophilic. |
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| a special type of covalent bond between amino acids that links them into chains; a type of covalent bond that links the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of the next; forms through a dehydration reaction (very strong and not easily broken) |
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| An attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons; symbolized by a single line between the atoms. |
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| when a negatively charged ion is bonded to a positively charged ion in order to become neutral (stronger than H bonds but can be broken under right circumstances) |
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A type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule (or in another part of the same macromolecule).
(very weak; can be broken easily) |
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| covalent bond that occurs between R-groups in tertiary structure (2 sulfers) |
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| chemical or physical changes can cause proteins to lose their shape and thus their specific function (changes occur to secondary - quarternary structure (not primary structure); heat, ph, salinity, and heavy metals can cause proteins to unfold and lose their ability to function) |
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| In this test, protein is exposed to copper ions in a basic (pH>7) solution. This test does not involve a redox reaction, but the formation of a complex between the copper ions and the 3D structure of the protein, (similar to the IKI test for starch). The copper ions line up w/the regular pattern of peptide bonds in the protein backbone to create a purple-colored complex. Darkness of purple color is proportional to the amount of protein in solution. |
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| focuses a beam of light through a special test tube onto an electronic photocell so that the amount of light passing through the tube can be determined. |
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| used to look at the outer surfaces of objects and to perform dissections that can't be done with the unaided eye. Use visible light but can't magnify nearly the same depth as other microscopes. Can usually magnify 40X, allowing visualization of whole organisms and individual cells. |
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| used to look at microscopic organisms and thin sections of tissue. Focus using visible light onto a specimen through a condenser. Magnification is provided by the ocular lens and objective lenses (the eyepiece (ocular) has a 10X magnification while the objectives have magnifications of 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X. The Total magnification is the product (X) of both Lense Magnifications. Can usually magnify 1000X, allowing visualization of nucleii w/in cells) |
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| Scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.) |
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| look at the outer surfaces like dissecting microscopes - study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces (use a beam of electrons instead of light) |
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| Transmission electron microscope (T.E.M.) |
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| look through thin sections of tissue; can study the details of internal cell structures |
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| the increase in the apparent size of an object |
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| a measure of the clarity of an image |
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| where specimen is secured |
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| condenses light towards sample |
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| (course and fine)- raises/lowers stage of microscope |
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| (Kingdoms: Bacteria & Archaea) Relatively small, simple cells w/out a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA, but rather, DNA is coiled into a nucleoid region in the cytoplasm |
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| (Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia) cells that are distinguished by a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
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| has cells bounded by both a plasma membrane and a rigid cellulose cell wall |
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| has cells bounded by a plasma membrane alone |
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| common feature of all cells; The membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which are embedded molecules of protein and cholesterol. |
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| A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; constructed in the nucleolus |
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| A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; constructed in the nucleolus |
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| 1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell. |
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| A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating, is an organism's genetic material |
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| type of protozoan called a sarcodinian that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia (false feet). |
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| type of protozoan called a ciliate which possess short, hairlike cilia which beat in unison to move it through the water. Capture prey by making a current with their cilia. |
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| flagellated protozoans that can move with flagella and photosynthesize |
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| animals that get their name from the crowns of beating cilia which look like rotating wheels |
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| Surface Area to Volume ratio; Surface area increases by a power of 2 while volume increases by a power of 3 |
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| formed when the internal and external environments of a cell have different concentrations of solutes (in an aqueous solution). Transport across cell membranes can happen automatically w/out using energy down a gradient (Passive Transport) or may need the input of energy from the cell against a gradient (Active Transport) |
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| type of membrane that allows some molecules to pass through while not allowing other molecules to pass through (based on size and/or chemical properties) |
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| simplest type of passive transport in cells when solute can readily cross membrane; movement of molecules from an area of [high] to an area of [lower]; driven entirely by the kinetic energy the molecules possess |
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| another type of passive transport when solute cannot cross the membrane but water can; diffusion of water across a membrane towards higher solute concentration |
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| less solute concentration (osmosis will involve water entering cell if external is ________ to the internal solution) |
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| More solute concentration (osmosis will involve water exiting the cell if external is _____ to the internal solution) |
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| Net water movement is zero if external is _________ (same solute concentration) to the internal solution |
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| type of passive transport used for molecules or ions that cannot diffuse rapidly across membrane; assisted by specific proteins in the membrane called transport proteins (channels); may act of one or multiple solute types |
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| assisted by specific proteins in the membrane |
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| membrane proteins that move specific ions or molecules into or out of a cell against a gradient (by binding to active site of protein and then being released to the other side) |
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| used when some substances are too large to pass through the cell membrane (macromolecules); a folding/merging of membranes to take in or remove substances |
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| during active transport, the folding/merging of membranes to take in substances |
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| folding/merging of membranes to remove substances during active transport |
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