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BIology Lab 1105
Exercise 13, 12, 45 & 46
40
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2009

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Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
A complex chemical process that converts radiant energy(light) to chemical energy(sugar). 6CO2 + 12 H2O-->C6H12O6 +6 H2O + 6 O2
Term
light reactions
Definition
photochemical reactions; Fast (practically instantaneous), light-dependent, splits water to release oxygen, electrons, and protons
Term
dark reactions
Definition
biochemical reactions, or the Calvin cycle, in honor of Melvin Calvin; Slower, but still extremely fast, light-independent, converts(fixes) carbon dioxide to sugar
Term
pigment
Definition
substance that absorbs light
Term
chlorophylls a and b
Definition
the primary photosynthetic pigments that absorb light for photosynthesis
Term
accessory pigments
Definition
also absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a; such as carotenes and xanthophylls
Term
Paper chromatography
Definition
technique for separating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll
Term
spectroscope
Definition
an instrument that separates white light into its component colors
Term
fluorescence
Definition
the visible or invisible radiation emitted by certain substances as a result of incident radiation of a shorter wavelength such as X-rays or ultraviolet light; emits a photon of red light
Term
thylakoids
Definition
photosynthetic membranes, located within a special organelle called chloroplast, stacked to form columns called grana, held in place by lamellae
Term
stroma
Definition
semiliquid, bathes interior of the chloroplast and contains the enzymes that catalyze the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
involves oxidation of organic molecules and a concomitant release of energy
Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
chemical bonds that store energy
Term
glycolysis
Definition
beginning of respiration, oxidation of glucose to a pyruvate via a set of chemical reactions
Term
citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle
Definition
if oxygen is present, most organisms continue respiration by oxidizing pyruvate to CO2 via chemical reactions
Term
aerobes
Definition
organisms that use oxygen for respiration beyond glycolysis
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
generates proton gradients from energy stored in reduced NAD and related compounds to form approximately 18-times more ATP than that formed in glycolysis
Term
anaerobes
Definition
organisms that live without oxygen and may even be killed by oxygen in the atmosphere
Term
fermentation
Definition
the pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced via anaerobic fermentation to either CO2 and ethanol or lactic acid
Term
pH
Definition
a measure of acidic or basic properties of a solution
Term
Heart
Definition
muscular organ that weights 7-15 oz and is slightly larger than your fist
Term
heart murmur
Definition
the turbulence in the heart that can be heard if any of the valves do not close completely
Term
plasma
Definition
straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of blood
Term
cells suspended in plasma
Definition
Red blood cells(pink cells lacking nuclei) or erythrocytes, about 250,000 erythrocytes in a drop of blood
Term
white blood cells or leukocytes
Definition
larger cells stained bluish-purple
Term
Arteries
Definition
carry blood AWAY from the heart, 3 concentric layers
Term
pulse
Definition
waves of blood
Term
blood pressure
Definition
pressure exerted on the surface of blood vessels by blood
Term
systolic pressure
Definition
increased pressure that results from blood leaving the heart
Term
diastolic pressure
Definition
pressure when the heart relaxes
Term
pulse pressure
Definition
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, what you feel in arteries when you touch your skin
Term
optimal blood pressure
Definition
occurs when systolic pressures are less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressures are less than 80 mm Hg
Term
Prehypertension
Definition
occurs when systolic pressures are between 120 and 139 mm Hg
Term
Hypertension, or high blood pressure
Definition
occurs when systolic pressure exceed 140 mm Hg and/or when diastolic pressures exceed 90 mm Hg
Term
retina
Definition
layer of photoreceptors on the back inner surface of the eye
Term
optic disc
Definition
region of the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerves enter or leave the retina
Term
Astigmatism
Definition
results from abnormal curvature of the cornea.
Term
Peripheral vision
Definition
rods dominate the periphery of the visual field
Term
color blindness
Definition
a color vision deficiency that usually is inherited
Term
hearing loss
Definition
two kinds: nerve deafness and conduction deafness
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