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| A complex chemical process that converts radiant energy(light) to chemical energy(sugar). 6CO2 + 12 H2O-->C6H12O6 +6 H2O + 6 O2 |
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| photochemical reactions; Fast (practically instantaneous), light-dependent, splits water to release oxygen, electrons, and protons |
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| biochemical reactions, or the Calvin cycle, in honor of Melvin Calvin; Slower, but still extremely fast, light-independent, converts(fixes) carbon dioxide to sugar |
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| substance that absorbs light |
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| the primary photosynthetic pigments that absorb light for photosynthesis |
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| also absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a; such as carotenes and xanthophylls |
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| technique for separating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll |
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| an instrument that separates white light into its component colors |
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| the visible or invisible radiation emitted by certain substances as a result of incident radiation of a shorter wavelength such as X-rays or ultraviolet light; emits a photon of red light |
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| photosynthetic membranes, located within a special organelle called chloroplast, stacked to form columns called grana, held in place by lamellae |
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| semiliquid, bathes interior of the chloroplast and contains the enzymes that catalyze the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis |
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| involves oxidation of organic molecules and a concomitant release of energy |
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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| chemical bonds that store energy |
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| beginning of respiration, oxidation of glucose to a pyruvate via a set of chemical reactions |
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| citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle |
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| if oxygen is present, most organisms continue respiration by oxidizing pyruvate to CO2 via chemical reactions |
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| organisms that use oxygen for respiration beyond glycolysis |
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| generates proton gradients from energy stored in reduced NAD and related compounds to form approximately 18-times more ATP than that formed in glycolysis |
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| organisms that live without oxygen and may even be killed by oxygen in the atmosphere |
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| the pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced via anaerobic fermentation to either CO2 and ethanol or lactic acid |
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| a measure of acidic or basic properties of a solution |
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| muscular organ that weights 7-15 oz and is slightly larger than your fist |
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| the turbulence in the heart that can be heard if any of the valves do not close completely |
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| straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of blood |
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| cells suspended in plasma |
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| Red blood cells(pink cells lacking nuclei) or erythrocytes, about 250,000 erythrocytes in a drop of blood |
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| white blood cells or leukocytes |
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| larger cells stained bluish-purple |
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| carry blood AWAY from the heart, 3 concentric layers |
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| pressure exerted on the surface of blood vessels by blood |
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| increased pressure that results from blood leaving the heart |
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| pressure when the heart relaxes |
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| difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, what you feel in arteries when you touch your skin |
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| occurs when systolic pressures are less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressures are less than 80 mm Hg |
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| occurs when systolic pressures are between 120 and 139 mm Hg |
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| Hypertension, or high blood pressure |
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| occurs when systolic pressure exceed 140 mm Hg and/or when diastolic pressures exceed 90 mm Hg |
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| layer of photoreceptors on the back inner surface of the eye |
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| region of the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerves enter or leave the retina |
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| results from abnormal curvature of the cornea. |
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| rods dominate the periphery of the visual field |
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| a color vision deficiency that usually is inherited |
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| two kinds: nerve deafness and conduction deafness |
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