Term
| Major function of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| dry out indigestible food by absorbing water. page 463 |
|
|
Term
| Involuntary smooth muscle that opens and closes the opening from the esophagus to the stomach |
|
Definition
Cardioesophageal Sphincter
Page 458 |
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|
Term
| First 5% of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
near the ascending colon
page 463 |
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Term
| a membrane that lines the interior of the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| parietal cells on the stomachs interior lining secrete |
|
Definition
hydrochloric acid
page 470 |
|
|
Term
| the chemical digestion of food starches to produce glucose sugar begins with |
|
Definition
| salivary amylase in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| purpose of microvilli and villi |
|
Definition
increase obsorptive surface area in the small intestine
page 462 |
|
|
Term
| a root canal forms a passage to |
|
Definition
forms a passage to the inside of the tooth for nerves
page 465 |
|
|
Term
| what holds a tooth in place in the bone? |
|
Definition
peridontal membrane and cementum
page 465 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of enzyme pepsin |
|
Definition
initate chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach
page 471 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of food by a propulsive rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| erosion in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| what makes stomach contents acidic? |
|
Definition
hydrochloric acid produced by cells lining the stomach
page 470 |
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Term
|
Definition
inflamation of the liver
page 467 |
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Term
|
Definition
466
physicaly breaking fat globs into smaller pieces |
|
|
Term
| stomach contents entering the small intestine are neutralized by |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate in the pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| major break down product of carbohydrate digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most______ are oxidized and transformed int ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| digestion in the colon is accomplished by |
|
Definition
477
bacteria growing within the contents of the colon |
|
|
Term
| vegetarians must get complete proteins by eating |
|
Definition
| the right combinations of incomplete protiens in plants |
|
|
Term
| relationship between vitamins and minerals |
|
Definition
479
vitamins are organic nutrients and minerals are inoganic nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why cant humans survive by eating grss? |
|
Definition
| they lack the bacteria and enzymes to digest the cellulose in grass |
|
|
Term
| most important function of cellular respiration in animals |
|
Definition
| produce ATP from ADP foe cell energy |
|
|
Term
| what organ metabolise lipids and fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nine amino acids that MUST be in your diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for breaking down eliminating extra cholesterol |
|
Definition
| high density lipoprotiens |
|
|
Term
| If a DNA sample is to be obtained from a blood sample, where does the DNA come from? |
|
Definition
| white blood cells (leukocytes) |
|
|
Term
| The majority of oxygen carried by the blood is carried how? |
|
Definition
| attaching to a hemoglobin molecule in the red blood cells (erthrocytes) |
|
|
Term
| Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells can do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why people of African descent are more likely to have sickle cell anemia than are other people who do not have genetic origins in Africa? |
|
Definition
| The same gene that causes sickling makes red blood cells less capable of supporting the tropical malarial parasite that resides inside the red blood cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| both A and B antigens on the red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Who can a person with type A blood donate blood to? |
|
Definition
| A person with either A or AB blood. |
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|
Term
| Pulmonary circulation of blood is: |
|
Definition
| blood to and from the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What provides the heart with blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a normal heart beat, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| The two atria contract at the same time, followed by the two ventricles contracting. |
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|
Term
| The lub-dup that you hear when listening to the heart beat is the direct result of what? |
|
Definition
| the closing of the atrio ventricular (AV) valves (bicuspid and tricuspid). |
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|
Term
| What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the vessels from the heart to the toes and back to the heart? |
|
Definition
| artery ->arteriole ->capillary ->venule ->vein |
|
|
Term
| In general, arteries are different from veins how? |
|
Definition
| arteries have thicker, more muscular walls |
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|
Term
| Blood that returns to the heart in large veins moves by way of what? |
|
Definition
| contraction of skeletal muscles and vein valves. |
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|
Term
| When your fingers get cold and turn white in the winter this is a result of what? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of smooth muscle fibers surrounding arterial ends of true capillaries. |
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|
Term
| The umbilibcal vein and umbilical arteries are all circulatory adaptations found where? |
|
Definition
| fetuses (babies before birth) |
|
|
Term
| Systolic pressure, when taking a blood pressure reading, is a direct result of what? |
|
Definition
| contraction of the left ventricle of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Diastolic pressure, when taking a blood pressure reading is a direct result of what? |
|
Definition
| pressure in the arteries during relaxation of the ventricles of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| When taking a blood pressure with a cuff on the arm, the systolic reading is most accurately determined how? |
|
Definition
| you hear the first thumping sound in the stethoscope. |
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure is most dramatically regulated how? |
|
Definition
| through the kidneys excreting more or less water from the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What normally happens to dust particles and debris that you breathe in? |
|
Definition
| Cilia lining the trachea move it up and then you swallow it. |
|
|
Term
| Inspiration (breathing in) is most accurately described as being accomplished by what? |
|
Definition
| both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles of the ribs relax. |
|
|
Term
| During expiration (breathing out) what happens? |
|
Definition
| the air pressure within the lungs increases. |
|
|
Term
| In the respiratory volume lab, when you breathed in as deeply as possible and breathed out into the balloon as much as possible you were measuring what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important stimulus for increased or decreased rate and depth of volume of breathing is controlled by what? |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide levels in the blood going to the brain |
|
|
Term
| Most oxygen going to your body cells is carried in the blood how? |
|
Definition
| attached to meoglobin molecules in the red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| All gas exchange between the air and blood in the lungs and between your cells and the blood occurs how? |
|
Definition
| by simple diffusion from high to low concentrations |
|
|
Term
| When the blood is coming from the body cells and arrives in the alveoli of the lungs, what happens? |
|
Definition
| there is more oxygen in the alveoli than in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids are arranged how? |
|
Definition
| their "water hating" tails are lined up together in the center of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Every living cell requires a constant supply of what to provide energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas exchange between the air and your blood occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most carbon dioxide produced by your cells is returned to the lungs by the blood how? |
|
Definition
| as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are the sites of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Selective Permeability of plasma membranes means what? |
|
Definition
| some substances pass through easily and others do not. |
|
|
Term
| Sodium potassium pumps do what? |
|
Definition
| moves potassium ions (K+) into the cell and sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What drives the sodium potassium pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs relative large particles, such as when a white blood cell eats a bacterial cell is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pigment giving skin a brown, yellow, or black color |
|
|
Term
| A very important function of melanin is to what? |
|
Definition
| protect the stratum basale cells' DNA from ultraviolet light |
|
|
Term
| In addition to providing support and protection many bones also do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long bones in children grow in length from what source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is red marrow found? |
|
Definition
| spongy bone of large bones |
|
|
Term
| What contributes to bone remodeling? |
|
Definition
calcium levels
pull of gravity on the body
pull of muscles on the bones |
|
|
Term
| The hyoid bone in humans is associated with what function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we know about the fontanels (soft spot) in a baby's cranium? |
|
Definition
They allow the baby's brain to grow
They allow the baby's head to pass through the birth canal
They are made up primarily of fibrous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscles are found in the walls of the stomach and intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle cell is not straited with alternating bands of light and dark which run perpendicular to the length of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle type is subject to your conscious control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What most accurately describes how a skeletal muscle cell contracts? |
|
Definition
| It either contracts all the way or not at all. |
|
|
Term
| Ninety-five percent of ATP used for muscle activity comes from where? |
|
Definition
| aerobic respiration of glucose in the mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| Which four major elements primarily make up most of a cell's structure? |
|
Definition
| carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| Where in a cell are ribosomes assembled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plasma membrane that forms a cell membrane is composed of what? |
|
Definition
| Two lipid layers in which protein molecules float |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attracted to water molecules |
|
|
Term
| Where do some ribosomes attach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| modify and package proteins to be released by the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| digest worn out or non useable cell structures |
|
|
Term
| Free radicals, highly reactive electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and DNA, are chemically disarmed by enzymes in what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein structures extending throughout the cytoplasm that forms an internal framework for the cell is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The substance present in the largest amount in a solution is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive transport involves substances moving how? |
|
Definition
| without energy input from the cell. |
|
|
Term
| what best describes simple diffusion? |
|
Definition
| molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water through a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| The passage of needed substances such as glucose sugar through a cell membrane that are either lipid insoluble or too large to pass through membrane pores is accomplished by what means? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane bound substances in the cytoplasm can be moved out of the cell by what means? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is needed for active transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper most layer of skin is composed primarily of hardened protein and what other substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What best describes the epidermis in its entirety? |
|
Definition
| It has no blood supply of its own (avascular) |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the outer epidermis are constantly being replaced by new cells that come from what? |
|
Definition
| the stratum basale (basal cells) |
|
|
Term
| A condition in which the weight of the body may restrict blood supply to skin cells is called what? |
|
Definition
| decubitus ulcer (bed sores) |
|
|
Term
| What doe subaceous glands produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of sweat produced in the sweat glands? |
|
Definition
cool you off
excrete urea, ammonia, and uric acid
inhibit the growth of bacteria on the skin's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrector pili muscles pulling on the hair shafts. |
|
|
Term
| The matrix in the hair bulb provides what? |
|
Definition
| is the growth zone for the hair shaft. |
|
|
Term
| What is affected by third degree burns? |
|
Definition
| The entire thickness of the skin is damaged |
|
|
Term
| What skin cancer is most threatening to your life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important risk factor for skin cancer is what? |
|
Definition
| over exposure to ultraviolet light |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary storage for adipose (fat) tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bump or part of a bone that sticks out from the main part of the bone is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mature living bone cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concentric circles of bone matrix that makes up compact bone are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms a passage for blood vessels running through compact bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of bone formation in children is accomplished through which cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens first after a bone is fractured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bones that form the top of the cranium grow together in adults to form an immovable joint called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vertebrae are separated by pads of cartilage called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower portion of the pelvis what you sit on is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are good remedies for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
exercise
eating foods with high calcium
taking estrogen replacement |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle cell has more than one nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the direct source of energy that drives muscle cell contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accounts for about 45% of a normal human blood sample? |
|
Definition
| red blood cells or erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the clumping of red blood cells in an ABO or Rh blood test called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the brachiocephalic trunk? |
|
Definition
| an artery that takes blood to the right arm and head |
|
|
Term
| How does Carbon monioxide poisoning occur? |
|
Definition
| carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, so there is no room for oxygen to attach and you do not get enough oxygen to your cells. |
|
|
Term
| What blood type can donate blood to anyone? |
|
Definition
|
|
