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Biology II
FUNGI
65
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/09/2012

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Term

DOMAIN EUKARYA


SUPERGROUP OPISTHOKONTA


KINGDOM FUNGI

Definition

FUNGI

Domain _______

Supergroup _____

Kingdom _____

 

Term
HETEROTROPHIC
Definition
Fungi are similar to animals in that they are _______
Term
ABSORPTIVE NUTRITION
Definition
Fungi secrete enzymes that break down organic material and absorb small organic molecules called ____ ____.
Term
CARBOHYDRATE GLYCOGEN
Definition
Fungi store food as _____ _____.
Term

RIGID


CHITIN

Definition

Fungi have ____ cell walls composed of _____.

-structural polysaccharide; protects and resists bacterial attack; also found in insect exoskeletons

Term

HYPHAE


MYCELIUM

Definition
Most fungi have a filamentous structure called ____. A mass of this structure is called ______.
Term
FRUITING BODIES
Definition
____ _____ (mushrooms) are tightly interwoven hyphae.
Term
Armillaria ostoyae
Definition
may be largest organism-- weighs hundreds of tons, covers over 2200 acres in Oregon, estimated over 2000 years old.
Term
SPORES
Definition
Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually via _______.
Term

CONIDIA


HAPLOID

Definition

Asexual spores in fungi.

-produced at tips of hyphae

-if landed on favorable substrate, germinate into new mycelium.

_____ stage is dominant.

Term
HYPHAE FUSE
Definition
If different mating types of fungi come in contact with each other, ____ ____.
Term
DIKARYOTIC (2 nuclei) MYCELIUM
Definition

In most fungi, nuclei of 2 types remain separate producing a ____ _____.

-each cell contains two unfused haploid nuclei.

Term
EMERGES FROM SUBSTRATE
Definition

Dikaryotic mycelium may produce fruiting body, which usually ____ __ ____.

 

Term

DIPLOID ZYGOTE

 

 

 

HAPLOID

 

GERMINATE

Definition
In mature fruiting body, nuclei of dikaryotic mycelium fuse, producing ____ ____. They undergo meisosis, producing ___ spores. If spores land on suitable substrate, they _____.
Term
SPORE DISPERSAL
Definition

fruiting body structure of fungi adapted for ___ ___

 

 

Term
PUFFBALLS
Definition
release spores into the wind
Term
BIRD'S NEST FUNGI
Definition
water disperses spores
Term
STINKHORN FUNGI
Definition
rotting meat smell; flies disperse spores
Term
TRUFFLES
Definition

produced underground; attract pigs/dogs

spores spread after being dug up

Term
TOXINS
Definition
____ are defensive adaptations of fungi.
Term
Amanita sp.
Definition
cause 90% of mushroom fatalities
Term
AFLATOXINS
Definition
Aspergillus flavus secretes _____, most potent natural carcinogen (attacks liver); grows on moist grains, seeds, peanuts;
Term
ERGOT-Claviceps purpurea
Definition

infects grain, primarily rye

-produces compound similar to LSD

-affects central nervous system, causing hysteria, convulsions, death

-linked to Salem Witch Trials

Term
Psilocybe
Definition
"magic mushroom" used in cultural rituals
Term
SAPROBES
Definition

Many fungi are _____

-live on and decay dead organic material

-ecologically important decomposers

Term
PREDATORS
Definition

Some fungi are _____

-Arthrobotrys anchonia traps nematode worms with loops of hyphae.

Term
PATHOGENIC FUNGI
Definition

feed on living plant or animal tissue, causing disease

-athletes foot, ringworm, sick building syndrome in lungs

Term

DIMORPHIC

 

BUDS

Definition

Pathogenic Fungi include yeasts that are ____, having two forms

-spore producing hyphae in soil

-pathogenic when mammals inhale spores

 

In host body, yeast form ___ that easily stick to cells and spread.

Term

MUTALISTIC FUNGI

MYCORRHIZAE

Definition

Mutualistic symbiosis between plant roots and fungi

-fungi increase surface area for water, mineral absorption

-plants provide food, oxygen

-found in >80% terrestrial plants

Term

ENDOMYCORRHIZAE

(inside fungus root cell)

aka ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE (AM)

Definition
Fungal hyphae penetrate between root cell wall and plasma membrane. Forms highly branched bushy arbuscules inside root cells. Aka ____ _____. Found more often in herbaceous plants.
Term

ECTOMYCORRHIZAE

(outside fungus root cell)

Definition

Coat surface of root cells

Grow into space between root cells

Found in temperate forest trees

Term

FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES

(inside leaf)

Definition

Fungi that live within leaf and stem plant tissues

Plants provide food for fungi

Fungi produce toxins or antibiotics that deter herbivory or microbial pathogens

Term
LICHENS
Definition

Mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria

Algae provide food and oxygen to fungi (photosynthesis)

Fungi provide water, minerals, CO2

Term


CRUSTOSE

FOLIOSE

FRUTICOSE

Definition
3 lichen growth forms
Term
CRUSTOSE
Definition
lichen that is flat and tightly adhered to substrate
Term
FOLIOSE
Definition
lichen that is leaf-like, often with curled edges
Term
FRUTICOSE
Definition
lichen that appears to be branching, resembling tiny shrubs
Term


DIVERSE

DRY CONDITIONS

SLOW

4500


Definition

Lichens live in _____ habitats.

Can remain dormant during ___ _____.

____ growth.

Persist for long time, some estimated ____ years old.

 

Term



LICHENS

Definition
Sensitive to air pollutants, useful as air-quality monitors
Term

CITRIC ACID FOR SODA

GLYCEROL

ANTIBIOTICS (i.e. penicillin)

ORGAN REJECTION DRUG CYCLOSPORINE

Definition
fungal biotechnology applications in chemical industry
Term


BLEU CHEESE

SOY SAUCE

YEAST FERMENTATION

 

Definition
fungal biotechnology applications in the food industry
Term
LIGNIN
Definition
Forest fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium can break down ___ in wood.
Term

 



CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

Definition

chytrid phyla of Fungi

not monophyletic

Term

 

 

ZYGOMYCOTA

Definition

zygomycetes phyla of Fungi

not monophyletic

Term

 

 

 

GLOMEROMYCOTA

 

Definition
AM fungi phyla
Term

 



ASCOMYCOTA

Definition
ascomycetes or sac fungi phyla
Term

 

 

BASIDIOMYCOTA

Definition
basidiomycetes or club fungi phyla
Term

 

 

CHYTRIDS

Definition

Simplest fungi, earliest fungi.

Mostly in aquatic habitats.

Only have flagellated zoospores.

Mostly decomposers, may be parasitic --linked to declining frog populations

Term

ZYGOMYCETES


ZYGO

 

phylum Zygomycota

Definition

Aseptate hyphae (lacking cross walls/coenocytic)

___spores produced during sexual reproduction

 

-Rhizopus black bread mold

Term

 


ASEXUAL

Definition
Rhizopus sporangia produce ____ spores, formed at hyphae tips, resulting in black color.
Term



GAMETANGIA

ZYGOSPORANGIUM

Definition
Rhizopus _____ hyphae of different mating strands fuse, forming ________.
Term
ZYGOSPORE
Definition
In zygosporangium of Rhizopus, nuclei fuse and dark, thick-walled ____ forms.
Term

 

 

MEIOSIS

Definition
Zygospores of Rhizopus undergoes ____, producing haploid spores.
Term
GLOMEROMYCOTA
Definition

Phylum only found in arbuscular mycorrhizae

Aseptate hyphae

Term
ASEPTATE HYPHAE
Definition
only reproduce asexually via large spores with many nuclei
Term

ASCOMYCETES

(cup fungi)

Definition

septate hyphae

"sac fungi" -- ascocarp furiting bodies sometimes cup shaped

Term
SEPTATE HYPHAE
Definition
simple pores allow materials to pass
Term

ASCI --> ASCOSPORES


sexual reproduction

Definition
Inside the ascocarp fruiting body, sporangia called ___ produce _____.
Term

ASCOMYCETES

 

Definition
most common fungal component of lichens
Term
TRUFFLES and MORELS
Definition
____ and ____ are the fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal fungi
Term
ASCOMYCETES
Definition
examples include powdery mildews, Dutch elm disease, Ergot, cup fungi, yeasts
Term

BASIDIOMYCETES

phylum Basidiomycota


(club fungi)

 

BASIDIA --> BASIDIOSPORES

Definition

septate with complex pores in cross walls

-club-shaped ____ produce _____.

 

Term
BASIDIA
Definition
usually found on the gills of mushroom caps
Term

DIKARYOTIC

 

BASIDIA --> BASIDIOSPORES

Definition

_____ mycelium produces basidiocarp fruiting body (mushroom)

 

Inside basidiocarp, ____ produce ______.

Term


BASIDIOMYCETE

Definition

examples of their fruiting bodies include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shell fungi, rusts, smuts

-form mycorrhizae in forests

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