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Biology II Test 3
Auburn University-Kearly Spring 2011
81
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/06/2011

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Term
vital capacity
Definition
amount of air that can move out of the lungs in one breath
Term
tidal volume
Definition
air flowing into and out of the lungs in the respiratory cycle
Term
residual volume
Definition
remains in lungs; keeps them inflated; only stops when you die or get the wind knocked out of you
Term
alvelous
Definition
epithelial cells with membranes at outer surface
Term
thin respiratory membrane
Definition
alveolar epithileum + pulmonary endothelium + membranes
Term
kidneys
Definition
composed of a cortex and a medulla; filter water, mineral ions, organic wastes and other substances from the blood
Term
urine
Definition
fluid that rids the body of water and solutes that are not needed
Term
ureter
Definition
tubular channel between the kidney and the urinary bladder (2)
Term
urinary bladder
Definition
muscular sac that stores urine
Term
urethra
Definition
muscular tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body
Term
nephrons
Definition
basic functional unit of the kidney; slender tubules that extend from the kidney cortex down through the medulla
Term
glomerulus
Definition
blood filtering unit inside the Bowman's capsule
Term
renal pelvis
Definition
kidney's central cavity
Term
filtration
Definition
pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries
Term
reabsorption
Definition
solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are absorbed into the peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation
Term
secretion
Definition
solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron
Term
excretion
Definition
water and solutes that were not reabsorbed, or were secreted into the tubule flow into the renal pelvis; eliminated from the body by the urinary tract
Term
sweat glands
Definition
release water and some solutes (urea)
Term
large intestine
Definition
removes salts and heavy metals (lead) form the blood
Term
lungs
Definition
remove carbon dioxide, water and alcohol from the blood
Term
hormones
Definition
products secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands; regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and maintenance
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
in forbrain; secretes hormones which are conveyed to the pituitary gland
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
at the base of the hypothalamus; anterior and posterior lobe
Term
posterior lobe (of the pituitary gland)
Definition
secretes 2 hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
responsible for reabsorption of water from the nephron
Term
oxytocin
Definition
females: responsible for labor contractions and milk letdown
Term
anterior lobe (of the pituitary gland)
Definition
produces and secretes its own hormones; FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin and Somatotropin
Term
FSH-follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
females: causes follicle to mature
males: stimulates testes to produce sperm
Term
LH-lutenizing hormone
Definition
female: ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
male: testes to produce testosterone
Term
TSH-thyroid stimulating hormone
Definition
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones
Term
ACTH-adrenocorticotropin hormone
Definition
stimulates cortex of adrenal glands to produce cortisol
Term
Prolactin
Definition
responsible for milk production in females
Term
galactorrhea
Definition
males make too much prolactin and lactate
Term
Somatotropin
Definition
growth hormone
Term
acromegally
Definition
thickening of bone and other tissue because too much somatotropin is produced after you stop growing
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
inner part of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
increase heart rate; direct more blood to the heart and muscle cells; more oxygen directed to energy demanding cells; "flight or fight response"
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
secretes cortisol
Term
cortisol
Definition
raises blood glucose levels; stress hormone
Term
cushing syndrome
Definition
over production of cortisol; accumulation of fluid in tissues
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
located at the base of the trachea; secretes thryoxine; without iodine, blood levels can drop; also produces calcitonin
Term
thryoxine
Definition
regulates metabolism
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
low levels of blood in the thyroid; slows metabolism; causes adults to be overweight; dry skinned, confused and depressed
Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition
blood levels in the thyroid are too high; causes increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, profuse sweating, and weight loss
Term
calcitonin
Definition
promotes the deposition of calcium into the bones
Term
goiter
Definition
swelling of the thyroid gland
Term
parathyroid gland
Definition
4 glands located on the posterior side of the thyroid
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
raises blood calcium levels (goes from bones to blood)
Term
glucagon
Definition
secreted from endocrine glands in the pancreas; raises blood glucose levels
Term
insulin
Definition
secreted by endocrine cells in the pancreas; causes glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose cells from the blood; lowers blood glucose levels
Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
insulin deficiency which causes glucose to accumulate in the blood and then in the urine; urination becomes excessive and body can become dehydrated; without glucose body cells start depleting their own fats and proteins as sources of energy
Term
Type 1 diabetes-juvenile onset diabetes
Definition
lymphocytes destroy insulin secreting cells; insulin shots required
Term
Type 2 diabetes
Definition
cells produce less insulin; usually emerges during middle ages; can often be controlled with diet and taking prescription drugs
Term
testes
Definition
secretes testosterone; sperm production
Term
testosterone
Definition
responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics, promotes development of sperm and responsible for sex drive in males
Term
ovaries
Definition
produce estrogen and progesterone
Term
estrogen
Definition
produces secondary sex characteristics and maintains pregnancy
Term
progesterone
Definition
maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy
Term
thymus
Definition
located superior to the heart; large during childhood but absent in adults; thymosine hormones
Term
thymosine hormones
Definition
causes the maturation of lymphocytes
Term
pineal gland
Definition
produces melatonin
Term
melatonin
Definition
delays the onset of sexual maturity; regulates biorhythms such as day and night activity cycles
Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition
coiled tubes; sperm production
Term
epididymis
Definition
duct that sperm enters after leaving the testis-become motile
Term
vas deferens
Definition
tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Term
urethra
Definition
tube, anterior to the penis
Term
semen
Definition
formed when glandular secretions mix with sperm
Term
seminal vessicle
Definition
secretes fructose into semen, sperm use as an energy source
Term
prostate gland
Definition
secretions buffer the pH of the female reproductive tract
Term
bulbourethral glands
Definition
2 glands; secretions thought to buffer pH of female reproductive tract
Term
spermatagonia
Definition
cells in testes; undergo mitosis and produce primary spermatocytes-puberty
Term
FSH
Definition
starts spermatogenesis
Term
oocytes
Definition
immature eggs
Term
oviducts
Definition
2; channel from the ovary to the uterus
Term
uterus
Definition
hollow organ in which the embryo can grow and develop
Term
endometrium
Definition
inner lining of the uterus wall-where embryo implants
Term
cervix
Definition
narrow portion of the uterus above the vagina
Term
vagina
Definition
muscular tube; extends from the cervix to the surface of the body; receives sperm and is part of the birth canal
Term
follicle
Definition
the primary oocyte and the cell layer around it
Term
secondary oocyte
Definition
gets nearly all the cytoplasm; haploid # of cells
Term
polar body
Definition
gets almost none of the cytoplasm
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