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| stable internal operating conditions within the body |
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| protective outer covering of the body |
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| formed by several layers of cells-stratum basale and stratum corneum |
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| innermost layer of the epidermis (mitotic)-contains melanocytes which darken the skin and protect against UV rays |
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| outermost layer of the epidermis-consists of flattened dead cells |
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| mostly connective tissue-composed of collagen and elastin (proteins-houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands and sensory nerves |
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| produce fluid in response to stress (fright, overheating) |
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| lubricate and soften skin and produce secretions that reduce bacterial populations |
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| root embedded in the dermis |
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| smooth muscles that are attached to erect hairs-cause goose bumps |
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| grow an excessive amount of hair compared to most people |
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| cartilage found in the tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum and in the articulating joints |
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| cartilage found in the external ear |
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| cartilage found in intervertebral disks |
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| found on the outside of the bone |
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| (bone cells) are found in compact bone, and housed in lacunae |
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| spaces that house osteocytes |
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| found in compact bone ad are composed of concentric circles |
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| concentric circles in the Haversian system |
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| at the center of each Haversian system-contains blood vessels and nerves |
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| tiny channels that connect Haversian canals to osteocytes |
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| found mostly in the epiphysis and contains red marrow that produces blood cells |
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| minerals are deposited and removed at the same time |
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| joint that has no gaps between the bones (ex: flat cranial bones) |
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| joints that permit only slight movement (ex: intervertebral disks) |
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| joints that move freely-stabilized by ligaments-synovial fluid lubricates the joint (ex: ball and socket, hinge) |
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| connect bone to bone-sprain |
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| connect bones to muscles (strain) |
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| thinning of bone over time-amount of calcium you take in affects your chances of getting it |
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| the cartilage at the end of the bone wears out |
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| the synovial membranes become inflamed, the cartilage degenerates, and bone is deposited in the joint |
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| the units of contraction in a muscle |
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| composed of two types of myofilaments |
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| thin, two beaded strands twisted together |
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| myosin and actin filaments overlap |
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| actin is anchored to the sarcomere |
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Definition
| myosin heads attach to binding sites on the actin filament and pull the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere |
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Definition
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| without oxygen-produces lactic acid |
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| nerve cell and muscle cell that it stimulates |
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| the nerve impulse causes a reversal in charge along the sarcolema called an _________ |
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| nerve impulse travels through these and into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| takes up, stores and releases calcium ions |
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Definition
| as more units are stimulated, muscle strength increases |
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| the rate at which stimuli is sent to a muscle-increase in _____=increase in rate and force of contraction |
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| sustained maximal contraction |
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| time between application of stimulus and contraction-time for impulse to travel through the t-tubules, calcium ions to diffuse through the cells, and myosin filaments to bind to the actin filaments |
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| number of actin and myosin filaments decrease with lack of use |
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| found in the heart, contains intercalated disks, single nucleus |
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| tapered at the ends, under voluntary control-found in the digestive system and lining blood vessel walls, single nucleus |
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| a long tube (alimentary canal) with two openings and several sphincters |
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| waves of contractions that move food through the digestive tract |
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| mucus coated-lines all surfaces along the lumen |
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| space inside the tube (digestive system) |
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| large food molecules broken down into small molecules |
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| lower the activation energy of reactions |
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| hydrolyzed to simple sugar |
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| hydrolyzed to glycerol, fatty acids |
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| hydrolyzed to amino acids |
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| hydrolyzed to nucleotides |
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| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, palatine tonsils |
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| produce saliva which contains salivary amylase |
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| enzyme which breaks starch down into maltose |
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| mucus binds food into a softened, lubricated ball called ______ |
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| forms the anterior roof of the oral cavity |
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| forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity |
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| posterior roof of the oral cavity |
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| the tubular entrance into the esophagus and trachea |
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| a flap-like valve, closes off the trachea |
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| muscular tube, connects pharynx to the stomach |
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| juncture of esophagus and stomach |
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| a muscular sac that stores and mixes food-breaks proteins into polypeptides |
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| tubes leading from a series of gastric glands which produce HCl, mucus and pepsinogen |
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Definition
| when pepsinogen comes into contact with HCl, it is converted into an active enzyme ______ which hydrolyzes protein |
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| liquid mixture of food produced from high stomach acidity and strong stomach contractions |
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| infection by the bacteria helio bactor pylori |
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