Term
| Heat (kinetic or potential?) |
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Definition
| example of kinetic energy |
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Term
| Chemical energy (kinetic or potential?) |
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Definition
| example of potential energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
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Term
| First Law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| Second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy conversions reduce the order of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of disorder in a system |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reaction that releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy releasing chemical breakdown of glucose molecules and the storage of the energy in a form that the cell can use to perform work |
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Term
| is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic? |
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Definition
| example of exergonic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of the thousands of endergonic and exergonic reactions which every working cell in every organism carries out |
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Term
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Definition
| powers nearly all forms of cellular work |
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Term
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Definition
| when energy released from exergonic reactions is used to drive essential endergonic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them (occurs when ATP becomes ADP) |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule (ATP energizes other molecules by doing this) |
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Term
| energy of activation symbol |
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Definition
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Term
| energy of activation definition |
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Definition
| an amount of energy that reactants must absorb to start a chemical reaction (reduced with enzyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecule that serves as a biological catalyst |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that an enzyme acts on (reactant) |
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Term
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Definition
| small pat of the enzyme where the substrate actually binds to it |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein helpers that accompany some enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| cofactors that are organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| resembles enzyme's substrate and competes with it so that it can prevent the enzyme from acting |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't enter the active site, but binds to the enzyme somewhere outside it-can alter the shape of the enzyme so that it doesn't fit the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when metabolic reactions are blocked by their products-regulates metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the plasma membrane- has diverse protein molecules embedded in a framework of phospholipids-helps hold it all together |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that recieve chemecal messangers from other cells-fits the shape of a specific messenger (such as a hormone) |
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Term
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Definition
| the proccess of: the binding of the messenger to the receptor that triggers a chain reaction involving proteins which relay the message which performs a specific activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of particles of any kind to spread out sponaneously to regions where they are less concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the special use of passive transport where diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| solution with a higher concentration of solute |
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Term
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Definition
| the solution with the lower solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| solutions of equal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of water balance |
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Term
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Definition
| the process when one of the proteins in the membrane makes it possible for a substance to move down its concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| requires that a cell expend energy to expend energy to move molecules across a membrane |
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Term
| exocytosis-what it's for and steps of process |
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Definition
used in cell to export bulky materials - membrane enclosed vesicle filled with macromolecules moves to plasma membrane
- vesicle fuses with the plamsa membrane, contents spill out of cell
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Term
| endo cytosis- what it's for and the process |
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Definition
cells take in particles by forming vesicles or vacuoles in its plasma membrane opposite of exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cellular respiration (definition 2) |
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Definition
| the aerobic harvesting of energy from sugar by muscle cells |
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Term
| what are the products of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide, water, ATP, heat |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of electrons from one molecule to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of electrons from one substance |
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Term
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Definition
| the addition of electrons to another substance |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme and coenzyme which both remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons from molecules- oxidizing them- as part of the process of cellular respiration |
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Term
oxidizing equation between dehydrogenase and NAD+ which compound is oxidized, which is reduced? |
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Definition
C4H6O5 + NAD+----> C4H4O5 + NADH + H+ C4H6O is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| NADH delivers its electron load to it and becomes NAD+, |
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Term
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Definition
ordered groups of molecules embedded in membranes in the mitochondria electrons pass along the chains and they lose energy which the cell uses to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of ethanol from glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of lactic acid when NADH from glycolysis is oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| requiring molecular oxygen (O2) |
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Term
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Definition
| not requiring molecular oxygen (O2) |
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