Term
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Definition
| a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains |
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Term
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Definition
| generates organic molecules and O2 that power cellular respiration which releases ATP and generates CO2 and H2O |
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Term
| ATP synthase makes ATP by... |
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Definition
| using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. |
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Term
| ATP synthase are found in... |
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Definition
| the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
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Term
| Cellular respiration purpose |
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Definition
| breaks down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| An energy coupling mechanism, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by this |
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Term
| Chemiomosis purpose and example |
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Definition
uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
synthesis of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells. |
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Term
| Citric acid cycle occurs...(where) |
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Definition
| within the mitochondrian in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. |
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Term
Glycolysis occurs...
Glycolysis is the starting point for: |
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Definition
| in almost all living cells; fermentation or cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states
Electron carrier |
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Term
Obligate anaerobe
cannot use.. |
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Definition
An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short forreduction-oxidation reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| the electron donor in a redox reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process. |
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Term
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Definition
| In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote |
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Term
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Definition
| An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.
suggests violet blue and red work best for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
absorbs blue and orange light |
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Term
| Crassulacean acid metabolism |
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Definition
| An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions |
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Term
| Crassulacean acid metabolism process |
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Definition
| a plant takes up CO2and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
| chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids |
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Term
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Definition
| convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process |
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Term
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Definition
| on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves PS I and II |
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Term
| Linear electron flow produces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis |
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Term
| Mesophyll location in C3 and CAM plants |
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Definition
| located between the upper and lower epidermis |
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Term
| Mesophyll locations in C4 plants |
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Definition
| between bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| an electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions |
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Term
PEP carboxylase
acts prior to |
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Definition
An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 plants
photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A quantum of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis |
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Term
| Photophosphorlylation functions by |
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Definition
| using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. |
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Term
| Photorespiration occurs on |
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Definition
hot dry bight days
when the stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. |
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Term
| Primary electron acceptor |
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Definition
| a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them. |
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Term
| Primary electron acceptor located... |
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Definition
| in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast, their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance between crests of waves such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| exergonic, releases ATP and H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| endergonic, releases ADP and P1 |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of electrons from ions or molecules |
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Term
| Oxidation leads to the ____ of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adding electrons to ions on molecules allowing the amount of positive charge to be reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidizing agent involved in reduction |
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Term
| Reduction leads to the ____ of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| partial degradation of sugars that occur without O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 puruvate, 2 H2O, 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2H |
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Term
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Definition
| partial oxidation of glucose to form 2 pyruvic acids molecules, electrons removed are added to the electron carrier NAD, energy released by partial oxidation of glucose |
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Term
| Glycolysis major phases, describe |
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Definition
Energy investment phase: 2 ATP used (one by hexo, one by phosphofructo)
Energy pay off phase: 4 ATP made (two by phospho, two by pyruvate kinase) |
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Term
| Electron transport chains components |
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Definition
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Term
| Electron transport chain carriers |
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Definition
| alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons |
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Term
| Cellular respiration energy flows |
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Definition
| glucose > NADH > ETC > proton-motive force > ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate turns to ethanol and CO2, used in brewing, winemaking, and baking |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate reduced to NADH turns to lactate, used by muscle cells with O2 is scarce |
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Term
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Definition
| carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| fork in metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes |
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Term
| Evolutionary significance-glycolysis |
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Definition
| ancient prokaryotes are though to have used glycolysis long before there was O2 in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O |
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Term
| Photosynthesis is a ______ process |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
split H2O, release O2, reduce NADP to NADPH, generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
Thylakoid |
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Term
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Definition
Forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH, begins with carbon fixation, cycle builds sugars from smaller molecules by using ATP and reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH
stroma |
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Term
| Calvin cycle turns carbon from _____ to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
producers
sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
consumers
obtain their organic material from other organisms
humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| thylakoids, mainly in cells of mesophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| pores on leaves, CO2 enters and O2 exits |
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Term
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Definition
| a dense interior fluid in chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
incorporates electrons of hydrogens into sugar molecules and releases oxygen as by-product
done by chloroplast into hydrogen and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| form of electromagnetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph plotting a pigments light absorption vs. wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process |
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Term
| Action spectrum was demonstrated by |
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Definition
Theodor W. Engelmann
exposed different segments of algae to different wavelengths
areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| only used PS I and produces ATP, may protect cells from light-induced damage |
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Term
| ATP and NADPH are produced... (where) |
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Definition
| on the side facing the stroma (outside the thylakoid), where the calvin cycle takes place |
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Term
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
1953
introduced double helical for DNA, A-T G-C |
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Term
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Definition
predicts that when a double helix replicated, each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one new
Introduced by Watson and Crick |
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Term
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Definition
early 1900s
genes are located on chromosomes
DNA and protein become candidates for genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
1928
discovered genetic role of DNA
used bacteria to establish genotype and phenotype |
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Term
| Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin MacLeod |
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Definition
1944
announced that the transforming substance was DNA
experiment used heat to inactive DNA RNA and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| used in molecular genetic research |
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Term
| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase |
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Definition
| performed experiments showing that DNA is genetic material of a phage known as T2 |
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Term
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Definition
| reported that DNA composition varies from one species to the next |
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Term
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Definition
the base composition of DNA varies between species
In any species the number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal |
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Term
| Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin |
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Definition
| used x-ray crystallography to study molecular structure, which produced a picture of DNA |
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Term
| Matthew Messelson and Franklin Stahl |
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Definition
| supported semiconservative, labeled nucleotide of the old strands with a heavy isotope of nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| the copying of DNA, replication begins at particular sites called origins, strands are separated, opening up a replication bubble |
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Term
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Definition
| new DNA strands are elongating at the end of each replication bubble |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication fork |
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Term
| Single-strand binding proteins |
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Definition
| bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| corrects overwinding ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| can't initiate synthesis of polynucleotide, only can add nucleotides to 3' end |
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Term
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Definition
| short, initial nucleotide strands |
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