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Definition
| internal membrane arranged in flattened sacs. Contain chlorophyll. |
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Definition
| stacks of thylakoid membraines. |
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Definition
| semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoid membranes. |
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Definition
| particle of light. Acts as discrete bundle of energy inversely proportional to wavelength of light. |
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Definition
| Removal of an electron from a molecule by light. Occurs when photons transfer energy to electrons. |
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Definition
| Porphyrin ring: complex ring structure with alternating double and single bonds. Magnesium ion in center of ring. Photons excite electrons in the ring and electrons are shuttled away from the ring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobiloproteins. |
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Term
| Light-Dependent Reaction steps (4) |
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Definition
1. Primary photoevent - a photon of light is captured by a pigment molecule.
2. Charge separation - energy is transferred to the reaction center; an excited electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule.
3. Electron transport - electrons move through carriers to reduce NADP+.
4. Chemiosmosis - produces ATP. |
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Term
| In chloroplasts, two linked photosystems used in noncyclic photophosphorylation: |
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Definition
1. Photosystem I - Reaction center pigment (P700) with peak absorption at 700nm.
2. Photosystem II - Reaction center pigment (P680) peak absorption at 680nm. |
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Term
| Photosystem II acts first: |
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Definition
1. Accessory pigments shuttle energy to the P680 reaction center.
2. Excited electrons from P680 are transferred to b6-f complex.
3. Electron lost from P680 is replaced by an electron released from the splitting of water. |
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Term
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Definition
is a series of electron carriers.
1. Electron carrier molecules are embedded int eh thylakoid membrane.
2. Protons are pumped into the thylakoid space to form a proton gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Receives energy from an antenna complex.
2. Energy is shuttled to P700 reaction center.
3. Excited electron is transferred to a membrane-bound electron carrier.
4. Electrons are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
5. Electrons lost from P700 are replaced from the b6-f complex. |
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Term
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Definition
is produced via chemiosmosis.
1. ATP synthase is embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
2. Protons have accumulated in the thylakoid space.
3. Protons move into the stroma only through ATP synthase.
4. ATP is produced from ADP+Pi. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Carbon Fixation.
2. Reduction.
3. Regeneration. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Biochemical pathway that allows for carbon fixation.
2. Occurs in the stroma.
3. Uses ATP and NADPH as energy sources.
4. Incorporates CO2 into organic molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules - 1st step of Calvin cycle.
1. Ribulose-bis-phosphate(5 carbons) + CO2(1 carbon) -> 2(PGA)(3 carbons).
2. The reaction is catalyzed by rubisco. |
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Term
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Definition
| PGA is reduced to G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)(3C) |
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Term
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Definition
| G3P is used to regenerate RuBP. |
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Term
| Energy for Calvin Cycle comes from: |
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Definition
18 ATP molecules
12 NADPH molecules |
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Term
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Definition
1. Use PEP carboxylase to capture CO2.
2. CO2 is added to PEP in one cell type (mesophyll cell)
3. The resulting 4-carbon compound is moved into a bundle sheath cell where the CO2 is released and used in the Calvin cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
1. CO2 is captured at night when stomata are open.
2. PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP to produce a 4 carbon compound.
3. This compound releases CO2 during the day
4. CO2 is then used by rubisco in the calvin cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1928, studied Streptococcus Pneumoniae - rat experiment. Called transfer of information 'transformation'. |
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Term
| Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty |
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Definition
| 1944 repeated Griffith's experiment using purified cell extracts and found DNA to be the transforming material. |
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Term
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Definition
1952, investigated bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria.
Wanted to determine whether it was the DNA or the protein of bacteriophage that was injected into bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nitrogenous base attached to the 1' carbon of deoxyribose.
2. Phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of deoxyribose.
3. Free hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 3' carbon of deoxyribose. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Antiparallel strands in DNA: |
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Definition
| One is oriented 5' to 3' the other 3' to 5'. |
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Term
| Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl |
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Definition
1958 investigated process of DNA replication:
Conservative model
Semiconservative model
Dispersive model
Ecoli grown in isotope of 15N.
See page 21. |
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Term
| DNA replication includes: (3) |
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Definition
1. Initiation: replication begins at an origin of replication.
2. Elongation: New strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase.
3. Termination: replication is terminated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The double helix is unwound by this enzyme in Procaryotic DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| is synthesized continuously (in the same direction as the replication fork) |
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Term
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Definition
| is synthesized discontinuously creating Okazaki fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
Contain enzymes for DNA replication.
Consists of Primosome - composed of primase and helicase.
and 2 DNA polymerase III molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated DNA sequence on the ends of Eukaryotic chromosomes. Produced by Telomerase. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains an RNA region that is used as a template so a DNA primer can be produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical and physical agents that damage DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| targeting a particular type of DNA damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| able to repair many different kinds of DNA damage: Excision repair - to correct damaged or mismatched nitrogenous bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear Chromosomes composed of chromatin: a complex of DNA and proteins. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histone proteins. Spaced 200 nucleotides apart along the DNA. |
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Definition
| coiled nucleosome. Further compacted and radial loops held in place by scaffold proteins which are aided by a complex of proteins called condensin. |
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Definition
| the particular array of chromosomes of an organism. |
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Definition
| where replicated chromsomes connect to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together. |
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Term
| Name the 5 phases of the Eukaryotic cell cycle: |
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Definition
1. G1 (Gap phase 1)
2. S (Synthesis)
3. G2 (Gap phase 2)
4. M (Mitosis)
5. C (Cytokinesis) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of DNA (DNA replication) - 2 sister chromatids are produced. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name the five phases of Mitosis |
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Definition
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleavage of the cell into equal halves. |
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Term
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Definition
| imaginary plane through the center of the cell where the chromosomes align. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell decided to divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell makes a commitment to mitosis. |
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Term
| Late Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint |
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Definition
| The cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycle - regulate passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints. |
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Term
| Cyclin-dependent kinases(Cdks) |
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Definition
| Enzymes that drive the cell cycle - activated only when bound by a cyclin. |
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Term
| Anaphase-promoting complex(APC) |
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Definition
| activates the proteins that remove the cohesin holding the sister chromatids together at spindle checkpoint. |
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Term
| Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) |
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Definition
| triggers cells to divide during wound healing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent the development of many cells containing mutations(cancer). |
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Term
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Definition
| Some encode receptors for growth factors, some encode signal transduction proteins. Become oncogenes when mutated which can cause cancer when inside a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of cell division that leads to the production of gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg and sperm cells. Contain half the number of chromosomes of an adult body cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| containing 2 sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing only 1 set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes (homologues) become closely associated with each other. (Synapsis). |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis: genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis: sites of crossing over. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Synapsis and crossing over.
2. Sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres throughout meiosis I.
3. Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the same pole in meiosis I.
4. DNA replication is suppressed between meiosis I and meiosis II. |
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Term
| Meiosis produces haploid cells not identical to each other because of crossing over and random alignment of homologues in metaphase I. |
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Definition
| Mitosis produces 2 cells identical to each other. |
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