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Definition
| number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms |
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Definition
| subatomic particle with a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge |
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Definition
| an elementary particle having no charge, mass slightly greater than that of a proton, and spin of 1/2 : a constituent of the nuclei of all atoms except those of hydrogen |
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Definition
| an elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of matter, having a negative charge of 1.602 × 10 −19 coulombs, a mass of 9.108 × 10 −31 kilograms, and spin of 1 / 2 |
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Definition
| an atom with different number of protons and electrons |
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Definition
| containing negative electricity |
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Definition
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Definition
| two atoms share electrons equally, so no difference in charge between the two ends of the bond |
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Definition
| two atoms do not share electrons equally. |
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Term
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Definition
| a weak attraction formed between a covalently bound hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom in a different molecule |
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Definition
| bond where two atoms share part of their valence shell. |
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| carbon forms how many bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrolysis reaction (cleavvage) |
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Definition
| large molecule broken into small monomers (add water) |
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Definition
| small monomers into large molecules (polymers) (release water) |
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Term
| Proteins are made up of amino acids linked by |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Hydrogen bonds form between different
parts of polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Folding as a result of interactions between R groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Structure of a protein dictates its |
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Definition
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Definition
| a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen containing base and at least one phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell lacking a true membrane-bound nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell with a true nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a basic tenet of modern biology, first stated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838–39, that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types |
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Definition
| the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher |
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Definition
| the normal elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc., by which the tone of the system is maintained |
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Definition
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Definition
| the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane |
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Definition
| chemical reaction that consumes energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specificity, catalytic, proteins, lower activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
| to treat by chemical or physical means so as to alter its original state |
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Term
| Starting substances of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Products of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Order of steps in aerobic respiration and where in cell does each step occur |
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Definition
| Glycolysis-cytoplasm, Kerb's cycle-pyruvates, The Electron Transport Chain-mitochondrion |
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Term
| How many ATP produced in each step and total? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis--4;2, 2;38, 34;42 |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome number (n) = 46 |
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Term
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Definition
| single set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 daughter cells with the same # of chromosomes as the parent cell |
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Term
| Stages of the cell cycle and what happens in each stage/phase? |
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Definition
| Interphase-G1 phase-assemble carbohydrates, Mitosis--(Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| germ cells to create 4 haploid gametes (egg and sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I |
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Term
| difference between anaphase I and II |
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Definition
| I-Homologous chromosomes separate from each other; II-Sister chromatids of a chromosome separate from each other |
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Term
| difference between metaphase I and II |
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Definition
| I-chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of cell; II-duplicated chromosomes line up at the spindle equator, midway between the poles |
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Term
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Definition
| having two identical alleles at a locus |
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Term
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Definition
| having two different alleles at a locus |
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Term
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Definition
| that one of a pair of alternative alleles whose effect is masked by the activity of the second when both are present in the same cell or organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the one of a pair of alternative alleles that masks the effect of the other when both are present in the same cell or organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits |
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Term
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Definition
Recipient’s immune system will attack
blood cells that have an unfamiliar
glycolipid on surfac |
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Term
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Definition
Gene that controls ABO type codes for
enzyme that dictates structure of a
glycolipid on blood cells |
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Term
| autosomal dominant inheritance |
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Definition
| trait typically appears in every generation |
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Term
| autosomal recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| If parents are both heterzygous, child will have a 25% chance of being affected |
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Term
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Definition
| males show disorder more than females |
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Term
| DNA replication enzymes and function |
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Definition
| DNA Polymerase, DNA ligase, Primase, Helicase, Topiosomerase |
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Term
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Definition
| semiconservative (half new and half old) |
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Term
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Definition
| a white, crystalline compound, C 5 H 4 N 4 , from which is derived a group of compounds including uric acid, xanthine, and caffeine |
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Term
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Definition
| a heterocyclic compound, C 4 H 4 N 2 , that is the basis of several important biochemical substances |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Watson and Crick contribution |
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Definition
| proposed that DNA is a double helix |
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Term
| Rosalind Franklin contribution |
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Definition
| Used X-ray diffraction images of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of adenine relative to guanine differs among species |
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Term
| Fred Griffith’s experiment with bacteria and mice |
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Definition
| Mice injected with live cells of harmless strain R do not die. Live R cells are in their blood. |
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Term
| Hershey and Chases experiment with bacteriophages |
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Definition
| Allowed labeled viruses to infect bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| base-pair substitutions, insertions, deletions |
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Term
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Definition
| Base removed from gene region |
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Term
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Definition
| Extra base added into gene region |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion, deletion, both shift the reading frame, result in many wrong amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a permanent transmissible change in the genetic material |
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Term
| What caused sickle cell anemia? |
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Definition
| inherit two genes for sickle hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotides added in 5’ to 3’ direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiation, elongation, termination |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula |
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Term
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Definition
| Major component of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries protein-building instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivers amino acids to ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a gene |
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Term
| RNA gets modified before leaving the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a noncoding segment in a length of dna that interrupts a gene-coding sequence or nontranslated sequence, the corresponding segment being removed from the RNA copy before transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| any portion of an interrupted gene that is represented in the RNA product and is translated into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| translated to form polypeptide chains, which fold to form proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many different amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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