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Biology HSA Review
Genetics Vocabulary
41
Biology
9th Grade
10/24/2011

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Term
Gamete
Definition
Sex Cell, reproductive cell, haploid, egg or sperm
Term
Haploid   
Definition

Half the number of chromosomes (n)

Sex cells   

Ex: Haploid number for humans is 23   

Term
Diploid     
Definition

   Full set of chromosomes from mother and father 

All body cells except sex cells

(egg and sperm )(2n)

Ex: diploid number for human is 46

Term
Zygote      
Definition
Joinning or fertilization of sperm and egg to form a new organism - a zygote is diploid
Term
Mitosis 
Definition

Cell reproduction or division   

1 diploid cell produces 2

diploid cells with exact

same chromosomes

Term
same chromosomes
Definition

Special type of mitosis that produces gametes or sex cells

1 diploid cell produces 4 haploid cells with different chromosomes from the parent cell

Term
Crossing over   
Definition

Happens in meiosis

Homologous chromosomes exchange genes and mix them up from the mother and father  

      

Term

HomologousChromosomes

Definition
  Chromosomes from the mother and father that contain genes for the same traits
Term
Chromosomes
Definition

Long strands of DNA found in nucleus

Humans have 46 chromosomes (diploid number)

 

Term
Allele
Definition

One gene of a gene pair Alternate forms of a gene  

 Ex: Tt

Term
Protein synthesis
Definition

Making of proteins at the ribosomes

Transcription and Translation

Term
Transcription
Definition

mRNA picks up the message from the

 DNA in the nucleus andcarries the

message tothe ribosomes

Getting the plan and taking it to the factory

(ribosomes)

Term
Translation
Definition

Translating the mRNA code

from codons into amino acids to form

proteins tRNA brings the amino acids

to the ribosome

Bringing the raw materials to the factory

Term
Codon
Definition

Made up of three nitrogen bases of

                             mRNA

   mRNACodes for different amino acids

                      

Term
Anticodon
Definition
The three nitrogen bases on tRNA that match with the codon of mRNA 
Term
Nucleotide
Definition

Building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Made up of:* a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

* a phosphate group

 * a nitrogen base (adenine,thymine, guanine, cytosine)

In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil 

Term
DNA
Definition

Deoxyribonucleic acid Found in nucleus Makes up genes; Contains the main code

for making proteins

Term
RNA
Definition

Ribonucleic acid Made of ribose, phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)

Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Term

 

mRNA

Definition

Messenger RNA picks up messege from DNA in nucleause and takes the messege to the ribosomes

 

 

Three nitrogen bases form CODONS

 

 

 

19

Term
tRNA
Definition

Transfer RNA

 Brings amino acid to the robosomes to build proteins

Has an ANTICODON on one end and an AMINO ACID on the other end

Term
rRNA
Definition

Ribosome RNA

Makes up ribsomes

Term
Homozygous
Definition

Two identical gens or alleles of a gene pair

 

EX: TT or tt

Term
Heterozygous
Definition

 Two different genes or alleles of a gene pair

 

EX: Tt

Term
recessive
Definition

a gene that is hidden by a dominant trait

Need two recessive genes for a trait to be expressed represented by a lower case letter

Term
CLONE
Definition
Two individuals having identical chromosomes
Term
Co- Dominance
Definition

Two genes or allesles that are both expressed equally

 

EX: AB blood type in humans

Term
Incomplete dominance
Definition

Two genes that are partly expressed

(average)

 

ex: flower color in snapdragons pure red RR and pure white rr gives pink flowers

Rr

Term
sex-linked
Definition

Genes found on the x chromosomes

ex: color blindedness in humans

 

Term
xx
Definition
Sex chromosomes pattern for a female
Term

XY 

 

Definition
Sex chromosome pattern for a male
Term
Genotype
Definition

Types of genes that make up an organism

 

EX: HH,Hh,hh

Term
Phenotype
Definition

Physical trait expression of alleles or genes

EX: white flowers or O blood type or color blind

Term
Mutation
Definition
Change in the DNA causes genetic variation can be caused by chemicals , x-rays ect.
Term
Pedigrees
Definition

Trace a trait through generations

square -male

circle -female

filled in

Term
Carrier
Definition
Individual carrying the gene for a trait but not expressing it
Term
Karyotype
Definition

A photograph of human chromosomes arranged in pairs by size

*can predict down's syndrome

Term
Downs syndrome
Definition

Faliure of 21st chromosomes to serarate in meiosis

*person has 47 chromosomes

Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition

Making DNA from fingerprint

*cut up DNA with restrictive enzymes

* DNA goes at negative end of gel

*turn on electric current

*DNA travels to positive end

*longer strands of DNA (heavier)are at negative end and shorter strands travel farther

Term
Recombinant DNA
Definition
Combining DNA from different organisms
Term
Restriction Enzymes
Definition
Cut up DNA molecular knife
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