Term
| why did mendel study garden peas? |
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Definition
-many varieties
-small and easy to grow
-short generation time and have lots of offspring
-both male and female parts are in the petals |
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Term
| What is a true breeding variety |
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Definition
| A true breeder will only have offspring of its own kind. It is either TT or tt. contains nop other variety of the trait. |
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Term
| what is a monohybrid cross? and what is a dihybrid cross? |
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Definition
| dihybrid has both alles of the traits while monohybrid only has 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| a test cross is a test to find out the genetic composition of a thing. They do this by crossing the questionable organism with a ressive thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 alles of a trait will split during gamet formation so that 1/2 will have one and 1/2 2will have the other. |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently of one another |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene affects many different types of phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous variation. many genes work together to create one phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is an intermediate trait |
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Term
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Definition
| both genes show up at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene effects how the other will show up. |
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Term
| Chromosal theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| medalian factors are found on chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| is when a gene is located the 26th sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| when genes are located closer to one another they are more likely to be passed along with one another |
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Term
| What is Anueploidy and what causes them? |
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Definition
| abnormal chromosome count becayse the chromosomes failed to seperate properly during gamet formation or miosis |
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Term
| What is down syndrome and what causes it? |
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Definition
| Down syndrome is a development disorder and occurs when there is an extra (or trisomic) copy of chromosome 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of heredity. its a sequence of DNA nucleotids on a chromosome that encods a polypetide or RNA molecule and so determines the nature of an individual inhereted trait |
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Term
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Definition
| told us that it was the DNA not protin and was with the little dead mice who died when a live harmless bacteria was mixed with a dead harmful bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| also told us that it was the DNA not protein and had to do with highlighting protien on a virus and watching it infect something |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of nucleotide subunits liked together in a chain |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 part subunit made of sugar, phosphate and organic base |
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Term
| what is a nitrogenous base |
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Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| These are the large bases A and G |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| who was Rosalind Franklin |
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Definition
| bombarded DNA with xrays and then took pictures of this and this told us that DNA was in a helix shape |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| joins the ends of newly sythesized segments of DNA after the primers have been removed |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that runs along the DNA strand reading it and adding the complementary nucleatides. This created leading and lagging strands. |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA-transcription-->mRNA--translation--->protiens
the genetic information path |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerse binds to the PROMOTER SITE and then adds complementary mnucleatids to create mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The mRNA is then taken to the cytoplasm and run through the ribosome the tRNA then brings the amino acids and connects to the codons with the complementary anticodons. This creates a polypeptid chain with then becomes a protien |
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Term
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Definition
| it connects to the promoter site of a DNA to create mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| they bring the amino acids to the ribosomes and MRNA |
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Term
| What is the genetic code? |
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Definition
| it is the rules that govern translation |
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Term
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Definition
| they are the 3 letter breakdown of the nucliatides |
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Term
| How is eukaryotic mRNA processed? |
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Definition
| by cutting the non coding introns out and then by splicing the coding exons together |
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Term
| What is alternative splicing? |
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Definition
| All the different ways exons can be spliced together |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation where genes are in a different place than they were before |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the genetic information |
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Term
|
Definition
| an extra nucleatide is inserted |
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Term
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Definition
| when one nucleatide is missing but the space is still there for it |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleatide complement is forgotten and it shifts everything over 1 space |
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Term
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Definition
| when one letter is swiched for another |
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Term
| steps involved with sequencing DNA |
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Definition
Amplify DNA
mix w/ primer
mix with 4 different chain terminating chemical tags
heat
electropheresis
computer analysis |
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Term
| what DNA compositions code for protien |
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Definition
single-copy genes (includes silent copies)
segmental duplication
multigene familes
tandem clusters (rRNA) |
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Term
| what DNA compositions do NOT code for protien? |
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Definition
Structural DNA
transposable elements
introns
replicated/duplicated sequences |
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Term
| What are the steps of the genic engineering experiment |
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Definition
1) clevage DNA at specific points
2) produce recombinant DNA by cutting circular PLASMID and inserting DNA
3)clone by allowing cells to reproduce
4)screen for wanted plasmids |
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Term
|
Definition
| The donated protiens such as insulin for diabetics |
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Term
| How are piggy-back vaccines made? |
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Definition
| (subunit vaccines) DNA is taken from the wanted virus and added to a harmless plasmid and injected into the body. the bodies immune system then creates antibodies |
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Term
| what are the ways genetic engineering have helped agriculture |
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Definition
1) pesticides
2) hericides
3) healthier food |
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Term
| what are the risks with genetic egineering |
|
Definition
super bugs
may wipe out natural plants
are they safe for us and the enviroment
and are we playing god |
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Term
| What is reproductive cloning? |
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Definition
| when you take the nucleous of one cell and put it in the egg cell and jump start it to begin to divide |
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Term
| why is genomic imprinting so important? |
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Definition
| during this reprogramming there certain chemicals are added to decide how genes are expressed. There is not enought time for this in cloning |
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Term
| What are embryonic stem cells? |
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Definition
| these are found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and are capable of turning into anything (they are totipotent) |
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Term
| How can embyronic stem cells be used? |
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Definition
| we could close people to create an embryo and then take those stem cells and they can be added with a persons own cells to grow good cells and create lost tissue of even help damaged tissue repair itself |
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