Term
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Definition
| an interacting group of individuals of one species |
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Term
| All the organisms in a rain forest would be referred to as a...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is inductive reasoning? |
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Definition
| a type of reasoning that derives general principles from a large number of specific observations |
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Term
| What is a critical feature of a control group used in an experiment? |
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Definition
| It only differs from the experimental group by one variable |
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Term
| What are three major domains of life on Earth? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
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Term
| Contrast the holistic VS the reductionist approach to studying Biology |
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Definition
Holitstic - looking at the big picture of how an organism lives
Reductionist - focusing on a very narrow aspect of life - eg how DNA is replicated |
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Term
| Living things are composed mostly of which four elements? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The smalled unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of protons and is unique to an element |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of protons + number of neutrons |
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Term
| Isotopes of the same element differ in the number of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon has a valence of...? |
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Definition
| 4, it has four electrons in its outermost shell and can form bonds with four other atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| An ionic bond reults when |
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Definition
| electrons are exchanged between atoms |
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Term
| A covalent bond occurs when |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a polar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| a covalent bond that involves unequal sharing of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| polar, the O side is negative and the H side is positive |
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Term
| Temperature is a measure of |
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Definition
| average speed of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
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Term
Building blocks of:
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides |
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Definition
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides |
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Term
Structure and funtion of:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose |
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Definition
Starch - Energy storage in plants
Glycogen - Energy storage in animals
Cellulose - Structural function in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycerol and three fatty acids |
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Term
| Lipid interactions with water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
energy storage
insulation
protection |
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Term
| Reaction that links amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of a protein secondary structure |
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Definition
alpha helix
pleated sheet |
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Term
| Three groups that make up a nucleotide |
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Definition
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Term
| structural differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
RNA: single stranded
AUGC bases
ribose sugar
DNA: double stranded
ATGC bases
deoxyribose sugar |
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Term
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Definition
DNA genetic material
RNA protein synthesis |
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Term
| What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound nucleus and other membranous organelles |
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Term
| What is the function of a nucleolus? |
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Definition
| site within the nucleus where ribosomes are constructed |
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Term
| What is the function of the rough ER? |
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Definition
| the synthesis of membrane-bound and secreted proteins |
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Term
| What is the function of the smooth ER? |
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Definition
lipid synthesis
detoxification
modification of membrane-bound and secreted proteins |
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Term
| Main function of the Golgi Apparatus |
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Definition
| The modification of membrane-bound and secreted proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| the total energy in the universe is constant (it cannot be created or destroyed) |
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy conversions result in more disorder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction where the products have more energy than the reactants |
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction where the reactants have more energy than the products |
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Term
| Enzymes speed up reactions by |
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Definition
| reducing activation energy |
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Term
| Environmental factors that can influence enzyme activity |
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Definition
temperature
pH
salt concentration |
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Term
| This type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme's active site |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of inhibitor that is more likely to structurally resemble a substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| Features of the fluid mosiac model of membrane |
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Definition
| membrane proteins embedded in a phospholipid bylayer, molecules can move within the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A passive process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| A passive process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through membrane channels |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which cellular energy is used to move molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration |
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Term
| Receptor mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| Specific molecules taken up into cells, stimulated by binding to cell-surface receptors |
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Term
| The products of cellular respiration |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide, water, ATP |
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Term
| Two mechanisms used in the generation of ATP in cells |
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Definition
Chemiosmosis
substrate-level phosporylation |
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Term
| Cellular location of reactions of glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy yield from one turn of the Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
3 reduced NAD's
1 reduced FAD
1 ATP |
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Term
| Products of alcohol fermentation |
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Definition
ethanol
carbon dioxide
oxidized NAD |
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Term
| Cellular location of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| What are the three main parts of a nucleotide |
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Definition
base
sugar
phosphate group |
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Term
| the sugar in DNA differs from that in RNA in what way |
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Definition
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Term
| The orientation of the two strands of the DNA molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of chemical bonds hold nucleotides together within a strand |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of chemical bonds hold the two strands of DNA together |
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Definition
| Hydrogen (H) bonds between the bases |
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Term
| (T or F) There are no DNA polymerase enzymes that synthesize new DNA in a 3' to 5' direction |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes the DNA replication process so accurate |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase has proofreading ability |
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Term
| The cellular location of translation |
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Definition
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Term
| Which position of the codon is the least important in determining the amino acid meaning of a codon and why |
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Definition
| The third position is the least important. This characteristic is attributable to the Wobble hypothesis |
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Term
| What are the three stop codons and what is their function |
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Definition
| UAA, UAG, UGA. To bring a halt to protein synthesis |
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Term
| (T or F) Stop codons are recognized by special terminating tRNA's |
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Definition
| False. Stop codons are recognized by release factor proteins that terminate translation |
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Term
| How are tRNA's linked up with their proper amino acids |
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Definition
| Special enzymes called amino acyl tRNA synthetases. The amino acid plays no role in codon recognition |
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Term
| What is the function of the AUG codon |
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Definition
| it serves as a start codon and represents the amino acid methionine |
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Term
| Name one way in which the processes of transcription and translation differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| Both processes occur simultaneously in prokaryotes. This cannot occur in eukaryotes because the two processes occur in different cellular compartments |
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Term
| The first tRNA and its amino acid enters the ____ site of the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one common antibiotic that kills bacteria by disrupting translation |
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Definition
| Streptomycin, tetracyclin, puromycin |
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Term
| Describe the experiment that the genetic code is read in a non-overlapping manner |
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Definition
| If the code is non-overlapping one NT change should result in no more than one amino acid change |
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Term
| Describe one of the experiments that allowed scientists to determine which codons represent which amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| The code is said to be degenerate. What does this mean |
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Definition
| Many aa are represented by more than one condon |
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Term
| What events occur during mRNA processing |
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Definition
introns removed
addition of poly A tail
addition of G cap |
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Term
| mRNA processing occurs where |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of a promoter |
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Definition
| signals where RNA synthesis is to begin |
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Term
| what is the function of an enhancer |
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Definition
| to stimulate the transcription of a gene |
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Term
| An anticodon would be found on what type of molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA polymerase synthesizes new RNA in what direction |
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Definition
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Term
| The structural genes of the Lac operon encode what? |
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Definition
| proteins needed for the utilization of the sugar lactose |
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Term
| What is the function of the Lac operator region |
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Definition
| it is the site where the Lac repressor protein binds to block expression of the structural genes |
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Term
| What is the function of the structural genes of the Trp operation |
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Definition
| to code for the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan |
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Term
| What activates the tryptophan repressor |
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Definition
| the binding of the co-repressor tryptophan |
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Term
| What is the difference between reproductive cloning and theraputic cloning |
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Definition
| the goal of reproductive cloning is to produce a whole cloned organism (like Dolly). The goal of theraputic cloning is to produce specialize cells to replace damaged cells in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 8 histones around which DNA is wound in chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| they help to package the DNA within the nucleus and keep genes in a repressed state |
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Term
| What does X chromosome inactivation pertain to |
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Definition
| the fact that in theomatic cells of females one of the X chromosomes in each cell is inactivated |
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Term
| What are transcription factors |
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Definition
| proteins that bind to promoters, enhancers and silencers to regulate the transcription of genes |
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Term
| What is alternative splicing |
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Definition
| a process in which one gene gives rise to a single pre-mRNA which in turn is spliced differently to give rise to multiple matures mRNA's (and proteins) |
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Term
| List all the ways that the levels of a protein can be regulated in a cell |
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Definition
by controlling the transcription of a gene alternative processing controlling the translation of the mRNA
protein activation
protein activation |
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Term
| Homogenetic genes are involved in |
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Definition
| regulating the process of development |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that is involved in regulating the growth of cells, alterations in these genes can convert them to oncogenes |
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Term
| The function of tumor suppressor genes |
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Definition
| "tell" cells to stop dividing |
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Term
| What are three ways that bacteria can transfer genes between cells |
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Definition
transformation
transduction
conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| A small circular double-stranded DNA molecule that can replicate independently of the main chromosome in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that can be used to covalently link DNA fragments together |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that can be used to make a DNA copy of an RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-stranded fragment of DNA complementary to a gene of interest. It is often radioactively tagged |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique that allow DNA fragments to be separated on the bases of size |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique that can be used to identify a single gene from among a complex mixture of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymerase Chain Reaction - a technique that makes it possible to produce many copies of a specific gene |
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Term
|
Definition
| genes that are able to move from one place to another on chromosomes |
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