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Biology First Midterm
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42
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/09/2011

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Term

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

mitochondrion

ribosomes

nuclear envelope

chloroplast

ER

Definition
ribosomes
Term

Which of the following are in both plant and animal cells?

chloroplast

wall made of cellulose

tonoplast

mitochondrion

centriole

Definition
mitochondrion
Term
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be:
Definition
to test for the liberation of O2 in the light
Term
ATP generally energizes a cellular process by
Definition
coupling free energy released by ATP hydrolysis to free energy needed by other reactions
Term

Which of the following relationships is not correct?

cell wall-support, protection

chloroplast - site of genetic information

ribosome - site of protein synthesis

mitochondrion - site of ATP formation

Definition
chloroplast - site of genetic information
Term
What would increase membrane fluidity?
Definition
a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids 
Term

7. Which of the following does not require energy?

a. facilitated diffusion

b. the sodium-potassium pump

c. active transport

d. co-transport

e. none of the above

Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
If an animal cell were placed in a hypertonic solution it would ...
Definition
shrivel
Term

Which term includes all others in the list?

a. protein

b. nucleic acid

c. macromolecule

d. RNA

e. starch

Definition
macromolecule
Term
What is a nucleotide composed of?
Definition

 a nitrogen base, a phosphate group and a five-carbon sugar

Term

Which of the following is (are) true for the class of biological molecules known as lipids?

A) They are insoluble in water.

B) Some are important constituents of cell membranes.

C) They contain much more energy than an equivalent weight of polysaccharide.

D) Only A and B are correct.

E) A, B, and C are correct.

Definition

- they are insoluble in water

-some are important constituents of cell membranes

-they contain much more energy than an equivalent weight of polysaccharide

Term
The alpha-helix and the beta-pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure?
Definition
secondary
Term
Name two functional groups that are always found in amino acids
Definition
carboxyl and amine
Term
Name two types of molecules that are the major structural components of the cell membrane.
Definition
phospholipids and proteins
Term
What does the presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animals enable?
Definition
the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops
Term

All of the following processes take material into cells except

A) pinocytosis. B) endocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) active transport. E) carrier-facilitated diffusion.

Definition
exocytosis
Term
The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called:
Definition
diffusion
Term
Where would you look for membrane bound ribosomes?
Definition
the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Term
What is the voltage across cell membranes called?
Definition
membrane potential
Term
The kinds of molecules that pass through a cell membrane most easily are:
Definition
small and hydrophobic
Term
Which structure is responsible for most secretion activities of the cell?
Definition
the golgi apparatus
Term
What is the role of carrier molecules in the plasma membrane?
Definition
facilitated diffusion and active transport
Term
In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. What organelle provides with compartmentation?
Definition
lysosome
Term

Which of the following characterizes the sodium-potassium pump ?

a. a carrier protein undergoes conformational change

b. potassium ions are pumped into a cell against their gradient

c. the movement of 3 sodium ions costs the cell 1 ATP

d. sodium ions are pumped out of a cell against their gradient 

Definition
all of the above
Term

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables us to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. What is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell?

Definition
ER>Golgi>vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Term

During respiration, electrons travel “downhill” (energetically) following what pathway?

Definition

food>NADH>electron transport chain>oxygen

Term
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in :
Definition
accepting electrons
Term
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
Definition

ATP is produced

DNA is present

Ribosomes are present

Term
What is the fate of water in photosynthesis?
Definition
to be split, with the release of O2 , electrons and H+  ions
Term
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules
Definition
to harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction centre chlorophyll
Term

Abbe’s relationship is do = 0.6 λ n sin α

 

what do n, lambda and alpha symbolize?

Definition

n - refractive index

lambda - wavelength

alpha - aperture angle

Term
Why is the LM better than the EM in some cases?
Definition
because you can observe things while they are still alive with the LM
Term

Rank the following in order of size, by using a scale from 1 (smallest)

a. protein molecule

b. human blood cell

c. ribosome

d. amino acid 

e. mitochondrion

Definition

amino acid

protein molecule

ribosome

mitochondrion

human blood cell

Term
Name functions of proteins found in membranes.
Definition
transport, recognition, structure, communication, enzymic
Term

The enzyme, phosphofructokinase is __________ by AMP, but is ______________ by ATP

Definition
activated, inhibited
Term
A positive delta G value indicates that a reaction will proceed with or without an outside input of energy?
Definition
with! 
Term
The engulfing of a defective organelle by a vesicle which then fuses with a lysosome is termed ____.
Definition
autophagy
Term
Give an example of amino acids with the following side chain properties
Definition

negatively charged - glu

positively charged - arg

nonpolar - trp

Term
The release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft is an example of ....
Definition
exocytosis 
Term
The golgi apparatus receives vesicles from the ER on its cis or trans face?
Definition
cis
Term
What is the most abundant enzyme in the peroxisome?
Definition
catalase
Term
The low pH of the lysosome is maintained by a ___ ___ in its membrane.
Definition
proton pump
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